Vocabulary focus

to hold office – занимать пост/должность

to be in office – быть у власти, to take office – вступать в должность

to come into office – принять дела, приступить к исполнению служебных обязанностей

to raise taxes – собирать (взимать) налоги

to respect political and religious freedoms – уважать политические и религиозные свободы.

the Presbyterians – пресвитериане, религиозная конфессия, разновидность кальвинизма, появившаяся в XVI в. в Шотландии. Пресвитериане отвергают епископат, признают только сан пресвитера, избираемого народом.

to surrender, v – сдаваться

expansion n – распространение, расширение, экспансия

yeomanry n – сословие йоменов (крестьян в Англии 14-18 вв., ведших, как правило, самостоятельное хозяйство)

Cavaliers n – «кавалеры», роялисты (сражались в период Английской буржуазной революции на стороне Карла I).

Roundheads n – «круглоголовые» (прозвище пуритан)

Levellers n – левеллеры, уравнители (выражали интересы мелких и средних собственников)

coup d'etat n – государственный переворот

Exercises

Task I. Match the words to their definitions.

1. turbulent adj a) (the crime of) great disloyalty to one's country, esp. by

helping its enemies or by violent opposition to those in power;

2. divine adj b) a person who lives in the land of, is protected by, and

owes loyalty to a certain state or esp. royal ruler;

3. dissolve v c) the wooden frame on which criminals used to be killed

by hanging from a rope;

4. apprentice n d) to give in, to yield;

5. subject n e) procedure, tradition, habit, custom;

6. regiment n f) to cause (an association, group, etc.) to end or break up;

7. treason n g) to have a particular important job or position;

8. traitor n h) a person who is under an agreement to work, for a number

of years and usu. for low wages, for a person who is skilled

in a trade, in order to learn that person's skill;

9. gallows n i) connected with or being God or a god;

10.preach v j) a large military group, commanded by a colonel;

11.depose v k) violent and disorderly; having a restless or uncontrolled

quality;

12. practice n l) to speak or say (a religious speech) in public;

13. to hold office m) to put down, dethrone;

14. surrender v n) someone who is disloyal, esp. to their country;

Task II. Complete the sentences with a suitable word in the correct form.

Skill, cathedral, style, Astronomy, terrible, church, London, Second World War, assistant, brick, fire, water, pipes, rebuild, destroy, de­ed, significantly.

It was no accident that the greatest British architect of the time, Christopher Wren, was also Professor of... at Oxford. In 1666, follow­ing a year of... plague, a fire... most of the city of.... Eighty-seven churches, including the great medieval... of St. Paul, were de­stroyed. Wren was ordered to... them in the modern..., which he did with....

When London was rebuilt, a new law made sure that all buildings were made of... or stone. The jewel of the new city was the new ca­thedral,... by Sir Christopher Wren. Almost every... in the new city was also designed by Wren, or by his able..., Nicholas Hawksmoor. Although some buildings were pulled down and others built during the next 250 years, the city only changed... in the rebuilding that followed the.... After the... of 1666, the richer citizens for the first time had... supplied to their houses, through specially made wooden....

Task III. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. James I was the first Stuart King of England. 2. James I was handsome. 3. Guy Fawkes was the person who invented gunpowder. 4. James I hated his parliament because it did not supply him with enough money. 5. The Civil War was the war between Parliament and King. 6. Charles I fled to France where he was living peacefully till the end of his life. 7. Oliver Cromwell was a former farmer. 9. Oliver Cromwell obtained the title of King. 10. Oliver Cromwell was executed by Charles II. 11. Parliament invited Charles II to rule over Britain. 12. The Great Fire of London followed the Great Plague in 1666. 13. James II was a convinced Protestant. 14. The Act of Settlement says that a king or a queen of Britain should be born only in Britain. 15. Sir Christopher Wren was a Professor of Astronomy at Oxford. 16. The last Stuart monarchs were William III and Mary II of Orange.

Task IV. Choose the correct date for each event.

a) The first signs of trouble between Crown and Parliament. a) 1645

b) The Thirty Years War in Europe broke out. b) 1707 c) Ireland exploded in rebellion against the Protestant

English and Scottish settlers. c) 1689

d) Cromwell and his advisers captured the king. d) 1618

e) The Glorious Revolution began. e) 1641 f) Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. f) 1601

g) Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, to make sure only

a Protestant could inherit the crown. g) 1688

h) The union of Scotland and England was completed

by Act of Parliament. h) 1701

Task V. Answer the questions.

1.What caused changes in the political development? 2.Why were the Stuarts inheritors of the English crown? 3.What was James I like? Why was he called ‘the wisest fool in Christendom’? 4.Why did James I quarrel with his Parliament? 5.What rights did the Petition of Right give to Parliament? 6.What were the Puritans' ideas? 7.What made the Scottish Army rebel? 8.What was the compromise between Charles and Parliament? 9.Why did the Civil War begin? 10.What kind of monarch was Charles I? 11.What do you know about Oliver Cromwell? 12.What changes did Cromwell make in the army? 13.Was Cromwell's republic a success? 14.Was Cromwell right in his decision to execute Charles I? 15.What made Charles II return from the exile? 16.Why was James II removed from the throne by William and Mary of Orange? 17.How did the monarchy change to the end of the 17^th century? 18.Which two parties became the basis of Britain's two-party parliamentary system of government? What were their main principles? 19.What made Parliament more powerful than the king? 20.How did Scotland and Ireland react to the removal of James? 21.Why did England and Scotland decide to unite? 22.What were the reasons for Britain to go to war against France?23.Why was the capture of foreign lands important for Europe’s economy? 24.What caused the formation of sects? 25.Which Nonconformist sects have had an important effect on the life of the nation? 26.What were the reasons for people to emigrate to other countries? Give examples. 27.What spheres were discoveries made in? 28.Was scientific research encouraged by the Stuarts? Prove it.

Task VI. Translate from English into Russian or Belarusian.

1. The republic that followed was even more unsuccessful, and by popular demand the dead king's son was called back to the throne. 2. The Petition of Right, established an important rule of government by Parliament, because the king had now agreed that Parliament controlled both state money, the "national budget" and the law. 3. Events in Scotland made Charles depend on Parliament, but events in Ireland resulted in civil war. 4. From 1653 Britain was governed by Cromwell alone. He became "Lord Protector", with far greater powers than King Charles had had. His efforts to govern the country through the army were extremely unpopular, and the idea of using the army to maintain law and order in the kingdom has remained unpopular ever since. Cromwell's government was unpopular for other reasons. For example, people were forbidden to celebrate Christmas and Easter, or to play games on a Sunday. 5. Francis Bacon became James I's Lord Chancellor, but he was better known for his work on scientific method. Every scientific idea, he argued, must be tested by experiment.

Task VII. Translate into English.

1. Конфликты стали обостряться в связи с политикой первых королей из династии Стюартов. 2. «Нет епископа – нет и короля» – этот афоризм исчерпывающе объясняет позицию Стюартов по отношению к пуританству. 3. В 1629г. Карл I распустил парламент и в течение 11 лет управлял страной бесконтрольно. 4. Особенно много левеллеров было среди ремесленников Лондона. Здесь и возникли первые организации левеллеров, хотя главным центром их деятельности была армия. 5. Кромвель был провозглашён «лордом-протектором свободного государства Англии, Шотландии и Ирландии». 6. Сын Кромвеля Ричард принял по наследству титул лорда-протектора. Но это был безвольный человек с весьма ограниченными способностями. 7. Карл II был королём Англии и Ирландии, но у всех этих стран был свой парламент. 8.Вспышка чумы 1665 г. и Великий Лондонский Пожар 1666 г. ста­ли теми бедствиями, которые принесли много страданий англи­чанам. 9. В 1666 г. кембриджский профессор математики Исаак Ньютон начал изучать гравитацию. 10. Особенно прославился своим творчеством Кристофер Рен, профессор астрономии и знаменитый архитектор. Среди его многочисленных сооружений выделяется собор св. Павла в Лондоне. 11. Открытие движения звёзд и планет по геометрическим законам разрушило старую веру в астрономию. 12. Как результат быстрого распространения грамотности и усовер­шенствования техники печатания, первые газеты появились в XVII в. 13. Это был новый способ распространения любых идей - научных, религиозных и литературных. 14. Положение бедных изменилось к лучшему во второй половине XVII в. 15. Партия тори безоговорочно поддерживала короля и придерживалась взгляда, что по крайней мере исполнительные права монарха не должны быть ограничены.

Task VIII. What do you know about...?

1. the Stuart monarchs; 2. the problems between Crown and Parliament; 3. the religious situation in Britain in theXVIIth century; 4. Guy Fawkes and the British holiday which is celebrated on the 5^fh of November; 5. Oliver Cromwell; 6. the Whigs and the Tories; 7. the Anglican Church; 8. the development of scientific thinking in the XVIIth century.

Task IX. Prove that...

1. The political developments of the period resulted from a basic change in society and also from basic changes in thinking in the seventeenth century. 2. The Petition of Right established an important rule of government by Parliament. 3. Events in Scotland made Charles depend on Parliament, but events in Ireland resulted in civil war. 4. From 1649-1660 Britain was a republic, but the republic was not a success. 5. Cromwell's government was unpopular for many reasons. 6. The Glorious Revolution was hardly a revolution. 7. The Anglican Church was strong politically, but it became weaker intellectually. 8. Careful study of the natural world led to important new discoveries. 9. The situation for the poor improved in the second half of the seventeenth century.

Task X. Say what facts from this chapter have already been known to you. What information can you add to it?

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