Personification

олицетворение или персонификация

a <metaphor> that involves likeness between inanimate and animate objects (V.A.K.)

e.g. ”the face of London”, “the pain of ocean”

e.g. Geneva, mother of the Red Cross, hostess of humanitarian congresses for the civilizing of warfare. (J.Reed)

e.g. Notre Dame squats in the dusk. (E. Hemingway)

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1) <троп>, который состоит в перенесении свойств человека на отвлечённые понятия и неодушевлённые предметы, что проявляется в валентности, характерной для существительных – названий лица (I.V.A.)

2) транспозиция, при которой явления природы, предметы или животные наделяются человеческими чувствами, мыслями, речью (антропоморфизм) (I.V.A.)

e.g. Roll on, thou dark and deep blue Ocean – roll! (G. Byron)

See: <transposition>, <synecdoche>, <lexical SDs>

Sustained metaphor

Prolonged metaphor

a group (cluster) of <metaphor>s, each supplying another feature of the described phenomenon to present an elaborated image (V.A.K.)

Syn.: <sustained metaphor>, <prolonged metaphor>

Metonymy

метонИмия

<transference> of names based on contiguity (nearness), on extralinguistic, actually existing relations between the phenomena (objects), denoted by the words, on common grounds of existence in reality but different semantic (V.A.K.)

e.g. ”cup” and “tea” in “Will you have another cup?”

e.g. ”My brass will call your brass” (A. Heiley)

e.g. Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile. (C.Holmes)

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is based on a different type of relation between the dictionary and <contextual meaning>s, a relation based not on identification, but on some kind of association connecting the two concepts which these meanings represent (I.R.G.)

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- <троп>, основанный на ассоциации по смежности: вместо названия одного предмета употребляется название другого, связанного с первым постоянной внутренней или внешний связью (I.V.A.)

e.g. Give everyman thy ear and few thy voice. (W.Shakespeare)

e.g. the Crown (The Queen), cup (a drink), hand (a worker), cars full of moustaches (men), a beard (a man with beard), the Kremlin (the RF government)

See: <synecdoche>, <lexical SDs>

Synecdoche

синекдоха

a <metonymy> based on the relations between the part and the whole (V.A.K.)

e.g. He made his way through perfume and conversation. (I.Shaw)

e.g. His mind was alert and people asked him to dinner not for old times’ sake, but because he was worth his salt. (Maugham)

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- разновидность метонимии, состоящая в замене одного названия другим по признаку партитивного количественного отношения между ними. Например, название целого заменяется названием его части, общее – названием частного, множественное число – единственным и наоборот. (I.V.A.)

See: <personification>, <lexical SDs>

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Cluster SDs

a small group (cluster) of SDs, which

- operate on the same linguistic mechanism: namely, one word-form is deliberately used in two <meaning>s;

- have humorous effect, and

- include: <pun> or <paronomasia> or <play on words>, <zeugma>, <violation of phraseological units>, <semantically false chains>, <nonsense of non-sequence>;

Source: <V.A.K.>, 48

See: <lexical SDs>, <syntactical SDs>, <lexico-syntactical SDs>, <stylistic device>

Pun

Paronomasia

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14