Science and Research

Scientists and researchers use computers in many ways to collect, store, manipulate, and analyze data. A simulation is one of the most important applications. Data representing a real-life system is entered into the computer, and the computer manipulates the data in order to show how the natural system is likely to behave under a variety of conditions. In this way scientists can test new theories and designs or can examine a problem that does not lend itself to direct experimentation. Computer-aided design (CAD), programs enable engineers and architects to design three-dimensional models on a computer screen. Chemists may use computer simulations to design and test molecular models of new drugs. Some simulation programs can generate models of weather conditions to help meteorologists make predictions. Flight simulators (Fig. 1.4) are training tools for pilots. It is much more effective to teach pilots how to fly in a computerized cockpit or simulators. Railway engineers can also be given some kind of training on how to run a train with the help of a computerized system.

I ndustry

In the factory, computer-assisted manufacturing, or CAM, help people plan complex production schedules, run automated assembly lines, and control robots. Computers are used in thousands of products ranging from calculators to airplanes. Computers do jobs that were unpleasant or too dangerous for humans. Robots and machinery are controlled by computers (Fig. 1.5), making the production process faster and cheaper.

Government

Among other tasks, the federal government uses computers to forecast the weather, to manage parks and historical sites, to process immigrants, to produce social security checks and to collect taxes. The most important use of the computer system in this field is the Army, the Air Force and the Navy. The computers have to be very powerful and in order to be run they have to be very accurate and precise.

Education

Computers have proved to be valuable educational tools. Computer-assisted instruction, or CAI, uses computerized lessons. These programs have become essential teaching tools in medical schools and military training centers. Encyclopedias, on-line courses are available to personal-computer users.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14