Порівняльна характеристика простих речень в англійській та українській мовах.

2 types of the simple sentence in Uk and Eng:

- one-member (more numerous in Uk)

- two-member (in Eng. are represented by a larger variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in Uk.)

One-member sentences. Common types:

· nominal sentences – isomorphic in the structural form (extended/expanded), allomorphic in the grammatical means of connection of the same component parts (in Eng. – by analytical means, in Uk. – synthetic or analytico-synthetic means) Models:

- N model ex: The same. A wood. Ліс. Сенсація.

- NN/NNN model ex: Mr. Ralph. Lady Sneerwell’s bedroom. Містер Ральф. Спальня леді Снірвел.

- АN model (may often convey injunctive, requestive and other pragmatic meanings) ex: Silence! The welcome rain! Тиша! Давно очікуваний дощ!

- N/AN co-cjN/AN model ex: Freedom and power! Свобода і влада!

- with prepositional connection of componental parts – allomorphism: there are no Uk equivalent grammaticalized prepositions of, to, by, with; no inflexions in Eng. nouns.

Ex: N/IprepN/Q half past eleven. Confidence for confidence. Пів на дванадцяту. Довіря за довіря.

· Imperative sentences (V or VP structure) ex: Keep aside! Open the door! Не підходь! Відчиніть двері!

· Exclamatory (may structurally coincide with nominal and infinitival) ex: How funny! Як гарно!

· Infinitival (extended/unextended) ex: To be or not to be? Бути чи не бути?

Only in Uk:

· The definite personal sentences - Любіть Україну всім серцем своїм....

· The indefinite personal - Дзвонять в усі дзвони! Не за те вовка б'ють, що сірий, а за те, що овечку вкрав.

· Generalized personal – Поживемо – побачимо!

· Impersonal – Світає. Край неба палає.

Two-member sentence. In Eng. only:

· Impersonal sentences with IT – It rains. It is snowing

· Indefinite personal with one, they, you – They say.

· With It or There – There is nothing to say.

· With the implicit agent and passive predicate verb followed by a preposition – He was sent for.

· With secondary predication – I thought him to be a teacher. (Such sentences in Uk. have either simple or complex definite personal sentences for their semantic equivalents – Я думав, що він учитиель)

· With gerundial complexes used as predicative constructions – You can rely on her coming in time.

Two-member sentences of the common structural form in both languages:

· With subject expressed by a notional word and predicate – by a verb – Breakfast was not yet over… Ідуть дощі.

· With simple nominal predicate expressed by a noun/an adj./a numeral/an infinitive/a participle/a phrase. – Poor little thing! Нас троє. Гарні манеи і все інше.

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