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Adj. expresses the quality of things or substances and can serve as a predicative after the copula-verb (was small, стала нервовою).
Isomorphic classes: qualitative (cold, big, high, малий червоний), relative – express qualities of the obj.and phenomena through their relations to other obj.or phen.(golden, English,осінній, святковий), possessive and relative (присвійно-відносні: Byronian, Shakesperian,Дніпровський, Шевченківський): -ic, -ian; -евк, -івськ, -цьк, -зьк, -ин/-ін, -ач/-яч
Allomorphic class: possessive/присвійні (мамин/материн, братів/братова, лисиччина (хатка)): -ів/їв, -ин/ін, -ов-а, -ов-е, -ев-а, -ач/-яч
Structure of adj.:
1) base =regular root words (old, small, clean; винен, годен, рад, жив) 2) derivatives: in English mostly regular stems +suff: -al/-ial, -able/-ible, -ary/-ory, -ern, -ful, etc (boyish, urban, English,annual, western,divergent); in Ukr.most are non-stem adj., are formed with suff.(-н-, -езн-, -ськ/-зьк/-цьк, -ан/-ян, -ов/ев, etc) 3) compound= sometimes have structural or lexical singularities in the contr.l-s (e.g.breast-high=занурений до грудей; upright=чесний, вертикальний but four-storied=чотириповерховий, all-national=загальнонародний)
Isomorphic features: suppletive forms in degrees of comparison; the existence of derivative prefixal and suffixal adj. (in Ukr.very productive prepositional.pref:без думки=бездумний, that correspond to Eng.adverbial postpositions:to grow over=to overgrow); adjectivisation of some parts of speech (e.g.prince charming, to-do people); whole and partial (no gender, number, case distinctions) substantivisation (a native, прийомна;the rich, бути в літньому)
Allomorphic f.: in Ukr. formation of adj.with the help of diminutive and augmentative suff. (гарн еньк ий, мал есеньк ий, чист ісіньк ий; велич езн ий, здоров енн ий, добр яч ий,багат юч ий); in both l-s compound adj.consisting of the initial adjectival,substantival, numerical, pronominal, or adverbial component (Ukr.have gender, case, number=чорногрива, Eng.-ing,-ed,-ty,or no marker= easy-going, silk-like)
Grading: positive, comparative, superlative. Analytic (more/less;the most/the least; більш/менш, найбільш/найменш +intensifying adv.:набагато,значно,куди) and synth (adj+-er,-est; -іш-/-ш-, най-, щонай-). In Eng. synth.is restricted to base adj. + those ending in -able, -er, -ow. In colloquial speech analytical w.can be used to all adj.
Allom: in Ukr. comper.and superl.degrees-transformations: к/щк/ек=ш (глибший); г=жч (дорожчий); /с/ перед /т/=щ (вищий,товщий)
In both l-s no grading is used with: 1)adj.denoting a constant feature (blind, deaf,nude) 2)adj.expr.similarity of colour (lilac,lemon,ruby) 3)colour of hair or eyes (dun,bay) 4)intensity trough suff.or pref. (bluish, reddish,синявий,жовтуватий)
+ suppletive forms in both l-s. (гарний-кращий;good-better-the best)
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| Functions of the verb in English and Ukrainian. | | | Lexico-Syntactic Classes of Adverbs |