Firstly, secondly, finally, in addition to, also, moreover otherwise, while, but, consequently, in this paper, herein.

Exercise III

Abstract

Users increasingly rely/ are relying on mobile applications for computational

needs. Google Android is a popular mobile platform, hence the reliability of Android applications became/ is becoming increasingly important. Many Android correctness issues, however, fall outside the scope of traditional verification

techniques, as they are due to the novelty of the platform and its GUI-oriented application construction paradigm. In this paper we have presented/present an approach for automating the testing process for Android applications, with a focus on GUI bugs.

We first conduct/conducted a bug mining study to understand the nature and frequency of bugs affecting Android applications; our study finds/ found that GUI bugs are quite numerous. Next, we present/are presenting techniques for detecting GUI bugs by automatic generation of test cases, feeding the application random events, instrumenting the VM, producing log/trace files and analyzing them post-run. We show/are showing how these techniques helped to re-discover existing bugs and find new bugs, and how they could be used to prevent certain bug categories. We have believed /believe our study and techniques have the potential to help developers increase the quality of Android applications.

Task 1. Think of the key words and heading for the article

Task 2. Choose the correct form of the verb in italic.

Task 3. Retell the abstract using the appropriate link words (you won’t need all of them):

To start with, thereafter, in other words, later, next, as a result, hence, however, in conclusion

Exercise IV

Abstract

Object-Role Modeling (ORM) is/has been a method for modeling and querying an information system at the conceptual level, and mapping between conceptual and logical (e.g. relational) levels. ORM comes/will be coming in various flavors, including NIAM (Natural language Information Analysis Method). This article provides/is providing an overview of ORM, and notes/is noting its advantages over Entity Relationship and traditional Object-Oriented modeling.

Task 1. What might be the key words and heading of the article?

Task 2. Choose the correct form in italics.

Task 3. What is the weakness of the Abstract?

Task 4. Retell the Abstract using the appropriate link words.

Exercise V

Design pattern recovery through visual language parsing and source code analysis

Andrea De Lucia, Vincenzo Deufemia, Carmine Gravino *, Michele Risi

Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universita di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 23 October 2008

Received in revised form 5 February 2009

Accepted 5 February 2009

Available online 20 February 2009

Keywords:

Reverse engineering

Design pattern recovery

LR-based parsing

Source code analysis

Abstract

In this paper/here we... an approach for recovering structural design patterns from object-oriented source code (to propose). The recovery process... in two phases (to organize). In the first phase, the design pattern instances... at a coarse-grained level by considering the design structure only and/but exploiting a parsing technique used for visual language recognition (to identify). Then/herein, the identified candidate patterns... by a fine-grained source code analysis phase (to validate). The recognition process... by a tool, namely/for example design pattern recovery environment, which allowed us to assess the retrieval effectiveness of the proposed approach on six public-domain programs and libraries (to support).

Task 1. Choose the appropriate link words.

Task 2. Open the brackets and put the verb in the correct tense form.

Task 3. Retell the abstract.

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