Forms of the Infinitive

Tense	Meaning	Active	Passive
Form	e.g.	Form	e.g.
Indefinite	expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by finite verb; it may refer to present, past, future	to write	I am/was/will be glad to see you.	to be written	He was glad to be congratulated on that holiday.
Continuous	expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by finite verb, but it is an action in progress	to be writing	At the moment they happened to be standing near that window.	–	–
Perfect	denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb	to have written	His friend is said to have visited him that day.	to have been written	The building is said to have already been built.
Perfect Continuous	denotes an action which lasted a certain time before the action of finite verb	to have been writing	They are said to have been living together for 5 years.	–	–

The Infinitive is used without particle TO after:

o auxiliary verbs: e.g. I don’t understand it.

o modal verbs (except ought to): e.g. He might hate her for such a behaviour.

o verbs denoting sense perception (to hear, to see, to feel, to notice, to watch, to help etc.): I felt my heart jump.

o the verb to let: e.g. Let me introduce myself.

o the verb to make = to force: e.g. What makes you think so?

o the verb to know = to see, to observe: e.g. I have often known a change of weather influence people’s health.

o expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but: e.g. You would better go to bed and have a rest.

o in sentences beginning with why: e.g. Why not come and talk to her?

1. Insert to before the Infinitive where required.

1. Do you think I plan __ spend the rest of my life in the same situation? I would rather __ die! (Monsarrat) 2. She could not help but __ feel a little choked for breath. (Dreiser) 3. Why not __ come down to my place? (Wilson) 4. Ever since I came into this house I have been made __ look like a fool. (Shaw) 5. He did nothing from morning till night but __ wander at random. (Maugham) 6. I'm the cook, and I won't have anyone __ come interfering in my kitchen. (Maugham) 7. Abe let the hammer __ drop out of his hands and __ fall on the step. (Caldwell) 8. You'd better __ take me back to Oxford. (Faulkner) 9. They ought __ have asked my advice. (Snow) 10. The poor boy was absolutely broken up. It made my heart __ bleed. I couldn't __ let him __ go without a word of comfort. (Maugham) 11. I had nothing __ do but __ talk, talk. (Greene) 12. I would ____ die sooner than __ ask him for another penny. (Shaw) 13. They do nothing but __ play bridge. (Galsworthy) 14. You'd better __ get some sleep. (Hemingway)

2.Translate into English, using the to-infinitive or the bare infinitive.

1. Я відчувала, що його розповідь правдива. 2. Я відчув, що хтось до мене доторкнувся. 3. Після змагань він виглядає втомленим. Йому б краще піти додому. 4. Йому нічого не залишалось робити, як тільки визнати свою поразку (to admit one's defeat). 5. Вона тільки те і робить, що жартує. 6. Я не можу не погодитись з вами. 7. Дозвольте мені Вам допомогти. 8. Вона була змушена чекати. 9. Вона змусила їх почуватись винними. 10. Він може перемогти на цих змаганнях, але йому треба дуже постаратись.

THE GERUND

The Gerund developed from verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalised, preserving at the same time its nominal characteristics. The Gerund is a non-finite form of the verb that has double nature: nominal and verbal.

1) The nominal characteristics are as follows:

o it can be used as the subject: e.g. They say smoking leads to meditation.

o it can be used as a predicative: e.g. The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace.

o it can be used as an object: e.g. I like making people happy.

o The Gerund may be preceded by the preposition: e.g. I am very tired of swimming.

o like a noun the Gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive noun: Is there any objection to my (Mr. Brown’s) seeing her?

2) The verbal characteristics of the Gerund are as follows:

o The Gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object: e.g. I have now made a good progress in speaking the English language.

o the Gerund can be modified by an adverb: e.g. She bust out crying bitterly.

o the Gerund has tense and aspect distinctions; the G. of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions.

*The Gerund is formed by adding suffix –ing to the stem of the verb and coincides in form with Participle I.

	Meaning	Active	e.g.	Passive	e.g.
Indefinite	expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by finite verb; it may refer to present, past, future	writing	I don’t remember hearing the legend before.	being written	No one could pass in without being seen.
Perfect	denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb	having written	She denies having spoken to her.	having been written	She was surprised at having been treated like that.

*However, the prior action is not always expressed by Perfect Gerund, sometimes we use Indefinite Gerund. It occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after, without.

e.g.: After arriving to the station, he found out that he forgot his suitcase.

The Gerund is used:

- after prepositions: e.g. He left without saying goodbye.

- after verbs like, love, enjoy, dislike, hate, prefer to express general preference: e.g. He like playing football.

- after certain verbs: consider, avoid, deny, look forward to, confess to, involve, mention, risk, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest, imagine: Jessica spent all day shopping.

- after go for activities: They often go climbing.

- after phrases: It’s no use, it’s worth, to be busy, there is no point in, be/get used to, can’t stand, can’t help: It’s no use waiting for the bus.

- after the verbs: to see, hear, watch, listen to, notice to describe an immediate action that somebody saw, heard etc.: I heard Jack talking on phone (= he noticed action in progress). BUT I heard Jack talk on phone (=I heard the whole conversation from the beginning to end.)

1. Insert the appropriate form of the Gerund.

1. Stark sat down without __ (to speak) (Jones) 2. He did not go without __ by Amy. (to congratulate) (Dickens) 3. After __ more closely than usual and __ his hair, he took the bus uptown (to shave, to brush) (Bellow) 4. She kept on __, her voice low and controlled, (to talk) (Braine) 5. The house wanted __ (to do up) (Galsworthy) 6. She showed none of the usual pleasure at __ hard to understand, mysterious, (to be) (Priestley) 7. I'm tired of __ like a silly fat lamb (to treat) (Coppard) 8. I know everyone who's worth __ (to know) (Maugham) 9. After __ this, he cursed himself for not __ the opposite. (to say, to say) (Murdoch) 10. There is vivid happiness in merely __ alive (to be) (Coppard).

2. Translate into English using the gerund where possible.

1. Дізнавшись результати змагань, він був здивований. 2. Ви не проти, якщо ми підемо на футбольний матч. 3. Хлопець не заперечував, що загубив книгу. 4. Вибачте, що змусив Вас чекати. 5. Ці змагання варто відвідати. 6. Дивлячись цей матч он-лайн, вони не могли не вболівати. 7. Я надаю перевагу плаванню. 8. Він наполягав, щоб ці помилки були враховані. 9. Я втомилася, що зі мною розмовляють, як з дитиною. 10. Вони ненавидять грати в футбол під час дощу.

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