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French Tutorial Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

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Note: Before heading to the tutorial I would Strictly recommend to download any online dictionary which could easily translate the difficult French words provided below so that you can understand them easily and learn quickly, if you have one so that’s good if not then I’ll personally prefer BabelFish dictionary which is free so you don’t need to buy it. The download link is provided below:

Download BabelFish Translator

 

1. Basic Phrases / les expressions de base

Bonjour /bɔ̃ʒuʀ/ Hello / Good day / Good morning Bonsoir /bɔ̃swaʀ/ Good evening Bonne nuit /bɔn nɥi/ Good night (only said when going to bed)
Salut /saly/ Hi / Bye Au revoir /ɔʀ(ə)vwaʀ/ Goodbye S'il vous plaît / S'il te plaît /sil vu plɛ/ Please (formal / informal)
Merci (beaucoup) /mɛʀsi boku/ Thank you (very much) De rien. /də ʀjɛ̃/ You're welcome. Je vous en prie. /ʒəvu zɑ̃ pri/ You're welcome. (formal) / Go ahead.
Bienvenu(e) /bjɛ̃vəny/ Welcome (also You're welcome in Quebec) Allons-y! /alɔ̃ zi/ Let's go! A tout à l'heure/a tu ta lœʀ/ See you in a little while
A plus tard /a ply taʀ/ See you later A bientôt /a bjɛ̃to/ See you soon A demain /a dəmɛ̃/ See you tomorrow
Je suis désolé(e) /dezɔle/ I'm sorry Pardon! /paʀdɔ̃/ Excuse me! (pushing through a crowd) / Sorry! (stepped on someone's foot) Excusez-moi! /ekskyze mwa/ Excuse me! (getting someone's attention) / I'm sorry! (more formal apology)
Comment allez-vous? /kɔmɑ̃ tale vu/ How are you? (formal) Je vais bien /ʒə ve bjɛ̃/ I'm fine. Très bien / mal / pas mal /tʀɛ bjɛ̃/ /mal/ /pa mal/ Very good / bad / not bad
Ça va? /sa va/ How are you? (informal) Ça va. /sa va/ I'm fine. (informal response to Ça va?) Oui / non /wi/ /nɔ̃/ Yes / no
Comment vous appelez-vous? /kɔmɑ̃ vu zaple vu/ What's your name? (formal) Tu t'appelles comment? /ty tapɛl kɔmɑ̃/ What's your name? (informal) Je m'appelle... /ʒə mapɛl/ My name is...
Enchanté(e) /ɑ̃ʃɑ̃te/ Nice to meet you. Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle /məsjø/ /madam/ /madwazɛl/ Mister, Misses, Miss Mesdames et Messieurs /medam/ /mesjø/ Ladies and gentlemen
Vous êtes d'où? / Vous venez d'où? /vu zɛt du/ /vu vəne du/ Where are you from? (formal) Tu es d'où? / Tu viens d'où? /ty ɛ du/ /ty vjɛ̃ du/ Where are you from? (informal) Je suis de... / Je viens de... /ʒə sɥi də/ /ʒə vjɛ̃ də/ I am from...
Où habitez-vous? /u abite vu/ Where do you live? (formal) Tu habites où? /ty abit u/ Where do you live? (informal) J'habite à... /ʒabit a/ I live in...
Quel âge avez-vous? /kɛl ɑʒ ave vu/ How old are you? (formal) Tu as quel âge? /ty ɑ kɛl ɑʒ/ How old are you? (informal) J'ai ____ ans. /ʒe __ ɑ̃/ I am ____ years old.
Parlez-vous français? / Tu parles anglais? /paʀle vu frɑ̃sɛ/ /ty paʀl ɑ̃glɛ/ Do you speak French? (formal) / Do you speak English? (informal) Je parle allemand. /ʒə paʀl almɑ/̃ I speak German. Je ne parle pas espagnol. /ʒə nə paʀl pa ɛspaɲɔl/ I don't speak Spanish.
Comprenez-vous? / Tu comprends? /kɔ̃pʀəne vu/ /ty kɔ̃pʀɑ̃/ Do you understand? (formal / informal) Je comprends /ʒə kɔ̃pʀɑ̃/ I understand Je ne comprends pas /ʒə nə kɔ̃pʀɑ̃ pa/ I don't understand
Pouvez-vous m'aider? / Tu peux m'aider? /puve vu mede/ /ty pø mede/ Can you help me? (formal / informal) Bien sûr. /bjɛ̃ syʀ/ Of course. Comment? /kɔmɑ̃/ What? Pardon?
Tenez / Tiens /təne/ /tjɛ̃/ Hey / Here (formal / informal) Je sais /ʒə sɛ/ I know Je ne sais pas /ʒən sɛ pa/ I don't know
Où est... / Où sont...? /u ɛ/ /u sɔ̃/ Where is... / Where are...? Voici / Voilà /vwasi/ /vwala/ Here is/are... / There it is. Il y a... / Il y avait... /il i a/ /il i avɛ/ There is / are... / There was / were...
Comment dit-on ____ en français? /kɔmɑ̃ di tɔ̃ __ ɑ̃ fʀɑ̃sɛ/ How do you say ____ in French? Qu'est-ce que c'est que ça? /kɛs kə sɛ kə sa/ What is that? Qu'est-ce qu'il y a? /kɛs kil i a/ What's the matter?
Ça ne fait rien. /sa nə fɛ ʀjɛ̃/ It doesn't matter. Qu'est-ce qui se passe? /kɛs ki sə pas/ What's happening? Je n'ai aucune idée. /ʒə ne okyn ide/ I have no idea.
Je suis fatigué(e) / Je suis malade. /ʒə sɥi fatiɡe/ /ʒə sɥi malad/ I'm tired / I'm sick. J'ai faim / J'ai soif. /ʒe fɛ̃/ /ʒe swaf/ I'm hungry / I'm thirsty. J'ai chaud / J'ai froid. /ʒe ʃo/ /ʒe fʀwɑ/ I'm hot / I'm cold.
Je m'ennuie. /ʒə mɑ̃nɥi/ I'm bored. Ça m'est égal. / Je m'en fiche. /sa mɛ teɡal/ /ʒə mɑ̃ fiʃ/ It's the same to me / I don't care. (informal) Ne vous en faites pas. / Ne t'en fais pas. /nə vu ɑ̃ fɛt pa/ /nə tɑ̃ fɛ pa/ Don't worry (formal / informal)
Ce n'est pas grave. /sə nɛ pa gʀav/ It's no problem. / It's alright. J'ai oublié. /ʒe ublije/ I forgot. Je dois y aller. /ʒə dwa i ale/ I must go.
A vos souhaits! / A tes souhaits! /a vo swɛ/ /a te swɛ/ Bless you! (formal / informal) Félicitations! /felisitasjɔ̃/ Congratulations! Bonne chance! /bɔn ʃɑ̃s/ Good luck!
C'est à vous! / C'est à toi! /sɛ ta vu/ /sɛ ta twɑ/ It's your turn! (formal / informal) Taisez-vous! / Tais-toi! /tɛze vu/ /tɛ twɑ/ Shut up! / Be quiet! (formal / informal) Je vous aime / Je t'aime /ʒə vu zɛm/ /ʒə tɛm/ I love you (formal & plural / informal)
Tu me manques. /ty mə mɑ̃k/ I miss you. (informal) Quoi de neuf? /kwɑ də nœf/ What's new? Pas grand-chose. /pa gʀɑ̃ ʃoz/ Not a whole lot.


Notice that French has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in French (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) There is also a plural you, used when speaking to more than one person. Also notice that some words take an extra e, shown in parentheses. If the word refers to a woman or is spoken by a woman, then the e is added in spelling; but in most cases, it does not change the pronunciation. To make verbs negative, French adds ne before the verb and pas after it. However, the ne is frequently dropped in spoken French, although it must appear in written French.

Don't forget to check out my video series on informal French expressions:

2. Pronunciation / la prononciation

French Vowels
IPA Phonetic spelling Sample words General spellings
[i] ee vie, midi, lit, riz i, y
[y] ee rounded rue, jus, tissu, usine u
[e] ay blé, nez, cahier, pied é, et, final er and ez
[ø] ay rounded jeu, yeux, queue, bleu eu
[ɛ] eh lait, aile, balai, reine e, è, ê, ai, ei, ais
[œ] eh rounded sœur, œuf, fleur, beurre œu, eu
[a] ah chat, ami, papa, salade a, à, â
[ɑ] ah longer bas, âne, grâce, château a, â
[u] oo loup, cou, caillou, outil ou
[o] oh eau, dos, escargot, hôtel o, ô
[ɔ] aw sol, pomme, cloche, horloge o
[ə] uh fenêtre, genou,cheval, cerise e

[ɑ] is disappearing in modern French, being replaced by [a]. Vowels that do not exist in English are marked in blue.

 

French semi-vowels
IPA Phonetic spelling Sample words General spelling
[w] w fois, oui, Louis oi, ou
[ɥ] ew-ee lui, suisse ui
[j] yuh oreille, Mireille ill, y

 

French nasal vowels
IPA Phonetic spelling Sample words General spelling
[ã] awn gant, banc, dent en, em, an, am, aon, aen
[ɛ̃] ahn pain, vin, linge in, im, yn, ym, ain, aim, ein, eim, un, um, en, eng, oin, oing, oint, ien, yen, éen
[œ̃] uhn brun, lundi,parfum un
[õ] ohn rond, ongle, front on, om

[œ̃] is being replaced with [ɛ̃] in modern French

In words beginning with in-, a nasal is only used if the next letter is a consonant. Otherwise, the in- prefix is pronounce een before a vowel.

French Consonants
ex + vowel egz examen, exercice
ex + consonant eks exceptionnel, expression
ch (Latin origin) sh architecte, archives
ch (Greek origin) k orchestre, archéologie
ti + vowel (except é) see démocratie, nation
c + e, i, y; or ç s cent, ceinture, maçon
c + a, o, u k caillou, car, cube
g + e, i, y zh genou, gingembre
g + a, o, u g gomme, ganglion
th t maths, thème, thym
j zh jambe, jus, jeune
qu, final q k que, quoi, grecque
h silent haricot, herbe, hasard
vowel + s + vowel z rose, falaise, casino
x + vowel z six ans, beaux arts
final x s six, dix, soixante(these 3 only!)

There are a lot of silent letters in French, and you usually do not pronounce the final consonant, unless that final consonant is C, R, F or L (except verbs that end in -r).

Liaison: French slurs most words together in a sentence, so if a word ends in a consonant that is not pronounced and the next word starts with a vowel or silent h, slur the two together as if it were one word. S and x are pronounced as z; d as t; and f as v in these liaisons. Liaison is always made in the following cases:

It is optional after pas, trop fort, and the forms of être, but it is never made after et.

Silent e: Sometimes the e is dropped in words and phrases, shortening the syllables and slurring more words.

Stress & Intonation: Stress on syllables is not as heavily pronounced as in English and it generally falls on the last syllable of the word. Intonation usually only rises for yes/no questions, and all other times, it goes down at the end of the sentence.

3. Alphabet / l'alphabet

a /a/   j /ʒi/   s /ɛs/
b /be/   k /ka/   t /te/
c /se/   l /ɛl/   u /y/
d /de/   m /ɛm/   v /ve/
e /ə/   n /ɛn/   w /dubləve/
f /ɛf/   o /o/   x /iks/
g /ʒɜ/   p /pe/   y /igrɛk/
h /aʃ/   q /ky/   z /zɛd/
i /i/   r /ɛʀ/      

4. Nouns, Articles & Demonstratives / les noms, les articles & les demonstratifs

All nouns in French have a gender, either masculine or feminine. For the most part, you must memorize the gender, but there are some endings of words that will help you decide which gender a noun is. Nouns ending in -age and -ment are usually masculine, as are nouns ending with a consonant. Nouns ending in -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -té, and -ette are usually feminine.

Articles and adjectives must agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. And articles have to be expressed even though they aren't always in English; and you may have to repeat the article in some cases. Demonstratives are like strong definite articles.

Definite Articles (The)
Masculine   Feminine   Before Vowel   Plural
le lit /lə li/ the bed   la pomme /la pɔm/ the apple   l'oiseau /lwazo/ the bird   les gants /le ɡɑ̃/ the gloves

 

Indefinite Articles (A, An, Some)
Masculine   Feminine   Plural
un lit /œ̃̃ li/ a bed   une pomme / yn pɔm/ an apple   des gants /de ɡɑ̃/ some gloves

 

Demonstrative Adjectives (This, That, These, Those)
Masc.   Masc, Before Vowel   Fem.   Plural
ce lit /sə li/ this/that bed   cet oiseau /sɛ twazo/ this/that bird   cette pomme /sɛt pɔm/ this/that apple   ces gants /se ɡɑ̃/ these/those gloves

If you need to distinguish between this or that and these or those, you can add -ci to the end of the noun for this and these, and -là to the end of the noun for that and those. For example, ce lit-ci is this bed, while ce lit-là is that bed.

5. Useful Words / les mots utiles

It's / That's c'est /sɛ/ There is/are il y a /il i a/
There is/are voilà /vwala/ Here is/are voici /vwasi/
and et /e/ always toujours /tuʒuʀ/
but mais /mɛ/ often souvent /suvɑ̃/
now maintenant /mɛ̃tnɑ̃/ sometimes quelquefois /kɛlkəfwa/
especially surtout /syʀtu/ usually d'habitude /dabityd/
except sauf /sof/ also, too aussi /osi/
of course bien sûr /bjɛ̃ syʀ/ again encore /ɑ̃kɔʀ/
so so comme ci, comme ça /kɔm si, kɔm sa/ late en retard /ɑ̃ʀətaʀ/
not bad pas mal /pa mal/ almost presque /pʀɛsk/
book le livre /lə livʀ/ friend (fem) une amie /y nami/
pencil le crayon /lə kʀɛjɔ̃/ friend (masc) un ami /œ̃ nami/
pen le stylo /lə stilo/ woman une femme /yn fam/
paper le papier /lə papje/ man un homme /œ̃ nɔm/
dog le chien /lə ʃjɛ̃/ girl une fille /yn fij/
cat le chat /lə ʃa/ boy un garçon /œ̃̃ gaʀsɔ̃/
money l'argent (m) /laʀʒɑ̃/ job / work le travail /lə tʀavaj/

Note: The expression il y a is reduced to y a in everyday speech. When il y a is followed by a number, it means ago. Il y a cinq minutes means five minutes ago. Some common slang words for money include: le fric, le pèze, le pognon, des sous and for job/work: le boulot.

6. Subject Pronouns / les pronoms sujets

Subject Pronouns
je /ʒə/ I nous /nu/ We
tu /ty/ You (informal) vous /vu/ You (formal and plural)
il elle on /il/ /ɛl/ /ɔ̃/ He She One ils elles /il/ /ɛl/ They (masc.) They (fem.)

Note: Il and elle can also mean it when they replace a noun (il replaces masculine nouns, and elle replaces feminine nouns) instead of a person's name. Ils and elles can replace plural nouns as well in the same way. Notice there are two ways to say you. Tu is used when speaking to children, animals, or close friends and relatives. Vous is used when speaking to more than one person, or to someone you don't know or who is older. On can be translated into English as one, the people, we, they, or you.

Tutoyer and vouvoyer are two verbs that have no direct translation into English. Tutoyer means to use tu or be informal with someone, while vouvoyer means to use vous or be formal with someone.

7. To Be & To Have / Etre & avoir

Present tense of être /ɛtʀ/ - to be
I am jesuis /ʒə sɥi/ We are nous sommes /nu sɔm/
You are tues /ty ɛ/ You are vous êtes /vu zɛt/
He is She is One is ilestelleestonest /il ɛ/ /ɛl ɛ/ /ɔ̃ nɛ/ They are They are ils sontelles sont /il sɔ̃/ /ɛl sɔ̃/

 

Past tense of être - to be
I was j'étais /ʒetɛ/ We were nous étions /nu zetjɔ̃/
You were tu étais /tu etɛ/ You were vous étiez /vu zetje/
He was She was One was il était elle était on était /il etɛ/ /ɛl etɛ/ /ɔ̃ netɛ/ They were They were ils étaient elles étaient /il zetɛ/ /ɛl zetɛ/

Note: Je and any verb form that starts with a vowel (or silent h) combine together for ease of pronunciation.

Future Tense of être - to be
I will be je serai /ʒə səʀe/ We will be nous serons /nu səʀɔ̃/
You will be tu seras /ty səʀa/ You will be vous serez /vu səʀe/
He will be She will be One will be il sera ellesera on sera /il səʀa/ /ɛl səʀa/ /ɔ̃ səʀa/ They will be They will be ils seront elles seront /il səʀɔ̃/ /ɛl səʀɔ̃/

 

Present tense of avoir /avwaʀ/ - to have
I have j'ai /ʒe/ We have nousavons /nu zavɔ̃/
You have tuas /ty ɑ/ You have vousavez /vu zave/
He has She has One has ilaelleaon a /il ɑ/ /ɛl ɑ/ /ɔ̃ nɑ/ They have They have ilsontellesont /il zɔ̃/ /ɛl zɔ̃/

 

Past tense of avoir - to have
I had j'avais /ʒavɛ/ We had nousavions /nu zavjɔ̃/
You had tuavais /ty avɛ/ You had vousaviez /vu zavje/
He had She had One had il avaitelleavaitonavait /il avɛ/ /ɛl avɛ/ /ɔ̃ navɛ/ They had ilsavaientellesavaient /il zavɛ/ /ɛl zavɛ/

 

Future tense of avoir - to have
I will have j'aurai /ʒoʀe/ We will have nous aurons /nu zoʀɔ̃/
You will have tuauras /ty oʀɑ/ You will have vousaurez /vu zoʀe/
He will have She will have One will have ilauraelleauraonaura /il oʀa/ /ɛl oʀa/ /ɔ̃ noʀa/ They will have They will have ilsaurontellesauront /il zoʀɔ̃/ /ɛl zoʀɔ̃/

In spoken French, the tu forms of verbs that begin with a vowel contract with the pronoun: tu es = t'es /tɛ/, tu as = t'as /tɑ/, etc.
In addition, it is very common to use on (plus 3rd person singular conjugation) to mean we instead of nous.

Common Expressions with avoir and Etre
Avoir and être are used in many common and idiomatic expressions that should be memorized:

avoir chaud /avwaʀ ʃo/ to be hot être de retour /ɛtʀ də ʀətuʀ/ to be back
avoir froid /avwaʀ fʀwa/ to be cold être en retard /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ ʀətaʀ/ to be late
avoir peur /avwaʀ pœʀ/ to be afraid être en avance /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ navɑ̃s/ to be early
avoir raison /avwaʀ ʀɛzɔ̃/ to be right être d'accord /ɛtʀ dakɔʀ/ to be in agreement
avoir tort /avwaʀ tɔʀ/ to be wrong être sur le point de /ɛtʀ syʀ lə pwɛ̃ də/ to be about to
avoir faim /avwaʀ fɛ̃/ to be hungry être en train de /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ tʀɛ̃ də/ to be in the act of
avoir soif /avwaʀ swaf/ to be thirsty être enrhumée /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ʀyme/ to have a cold
avoir sommeil /avwaʀ sɔmɛj/ to be sleepy nous + être (un jour) /ɛtʀ œ̃̃̃ ʒuʀ/ to be (a day)
avoir honte /avwaʀ ʽɔ̃t/ to be ashamed      
avoir besoin de /avwaʀ bəzwɛ̃ də/ to need      
avoir l'air de /avwaʀ ɛʀ də/ to look like, seem      
avoir l'intention de /avwaʀ ɛ̃tɑ̃sjɔ̃/ to intend to      
avoir envie de /avwaʀ ɑ̃vi də/ to feel like      
avoir de la chance /avwaʀ də la ʃɑ̃s/ to be lucky      

 

J'ai froid. I'm cold. Tu avais raison. You were right. Il aura sommeil ce soir. He will be tired tonight. Elle a de la chance! She's lucky! Nous aurons faim plus tard. We will be hungry later. Vous aviez tort. You were wrong. Ils ont chaud. They are hot. Elles avaient peur hier.They were afraid yesterday. Je suis en retard!I'm late! Tu étais en avance. You were early. Elle sera d'accord.She will agree. Nous sommes lundi. It is Monday. Vous étiez enrhumé. You had a cold. Ils seront en train d'étudier. They will be (in the act of) studying. Elles étaient sur le point de partir. They were about to leave. On est de retour. We/you/they/the people are back.

8. Question Words / les interrogatifs

Who Qui /ki/
What Quoi /kwa/
Why Pourquoi /puʀkwa/
When Quand /kɑ̃/
Where /u/
How Comment /kɔmɑ̃/
How much / many Combien /kɔ̃bjɛ̃/
Which / what Quel(le) /kɛl/

9. cardinal Numbers / Les nombres cardinaux

Zero Zéro /zeʀo/
One Un /œ̃̃̃/
Two Deux /dø/
Three Trois /tʀwɑ/
Four Quatre /katʀ/
Five Cinq /sɛ̃k/
Six Six /sis/
Seven Sept /sɛt/
Eight Huit /ʽɥit/
Nine Neuf /nœf/
Ten Dix /dis/
Eleven Onze /ɔ̃z/
Twelve Douze /duz/
Thirteen Treize /tʀɛz/
Fourteen Quatorze /katɔʀz/
Fifteen Quinze /kɛ̃z/
Sixteen Seize /sɛz/
Seventeen Dix-sept /disɛt/
Eighteen Dix-huit /dizɥit/
Nineteen Dix-neuf /diznœf/
Twenty Vingt /vɛ̃/
Twenty-one Vingt et un /vɛ̃t e œ̃̃̃/
Twenty-two Vingt-deux /vɛ̃ dø/
Twenty-three Vingt-trois /vɛ̃ tʀwɑ/
Thirty Trente /tʀɑ̃t/
Thirty-one Trente et un /tʀɑ̃t e œ̃̃̃/̃/
Thirty-two Trente-deux /tʀɑ̃t dø/
Forty Quarante /kaʀɑ̃t/
Fifty Cinquante /sɛ̃kɑ̃t/
Sixty Soixante /swasɑ̃t/
Seventy Soixante-dix /swasɑ̃tdis/
(Belgium & Switzerland) Septante /sɛptɑ̃t/
Seventy-one Soixante et onze /swasɑ̃t e ɔ̃z/
Seventy-two Soixante-douze /swasɑ̃t duz/
Eighty Quatre-vingts /katʀəvɛ̃/
(Belgium & Switzerland) Octante /ɔktɑ̃t/
Eighty-one Quatre-vingt-un /katʀəvɛ̃ tœ̃̃̃/
Eighty-two Quatre-vingt-deux /katʀəvɛ̃ dø/
Ninety Quatre-vingt-dix /katʀəvɛ̃ dis/
(Belgium & Switzerland) Nonante /nɔnɑ̃t/
Ninety-one Quatre-vingt-onze /katʀəvɛ̃ ɔ̃z/
Ninety-two Quatre-vingt-douze /katʀəvɛ̃ duz/
One Hundred Cent /sɑ̃/
One Hundred One Cent un /sɑ̃ tœ̃̃̃/
Two Hundred Deux cents /dø sɑ̃/
Two Hundred One Deux cent un /dø sɑ̃ tœ̃̃̃/
Thousand Mille /mil/
Two Thousand Deux mille /dø mil/
Million Un million /õ miljɔ̃/
Billion Un milliard /õ miljaʀ/

Note: French switches the use of commas and periods. 1,00 would be 1.00 in English. Belgian and Swiss French use septante, octante and nonante in place of the standard French words for 70, 80, and 90 (though some parts of Switzerland use huitante instead of octante). Also, when the numbers 5, 6, 8, and 10 are used before a word beginning with a consonant, their final consonants are not pronounced. Phone numbers in France are ten digits, beginning with 01, 02, 03, 04, or 05 depending on the geographical region, or 06 for cell phones. They are written two digits at a time, and pronounced thus: 01 36 55 89 28 = zéro un, trente-six, cinquante-cinq, quatre-vingt-neuf, vingt-huit.


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