Let's see what we've got.
Can I go over what we've agreed?
Let's go over the main points again.
OK, I think that covers everything.
We've got a deal.
Fine. Right. That's it then.
Unit 13
New business
What conditions are important for people starting new businesses? Choose the three most important from this list. Can you think of any others?
• low taxes • good transport links
• skilled staff • training courses
• low interest rates • high unemployment
• cheap rents • a strong currency
• stable economy • government grants
Ql Many economies contain a mix of public- and private-sector businesses. Think of companies you know in the areas below. Which are public-sector companies and which are private-sector companies?
• post office • rail
• TV/newspapers • water
• energy • telecoms
• cars • airlines
V1. Match the economic terms (1-10) to their definitions (.a-j).
| interest rate | a) | total value of goods and services | |
| exchange rate | produced in a country | ||
| inflation rate | b) | general increase in prices | |
| и | labour force | c) | cost of borrowing money |
| 5 | tax incentives | d) | price at which one currency can |
| 6 | government bureaucracy | buy another | |
| 7 | GDP (gross domestic product) | e) | percentage of people without jobs |
| 8 | unemployment rate | f) | peop'e working |
| foreign investment | g) | low taxes to encourage business | |
| balance of trade | h) | official rules/regulations/papeiwork j) difference in value between country’s imports and exports I) money from overseas |
L 11.2 Professor Roger Mumby-Croft is Head of the Enterprise Centre in the Business School at Oxford Brookes University. Listen to the first part of the interview. What are the main problems facing new businesses, in his experience?
L.2 Listen to the second part and decide which of the following was the interviewer's question.
1 What advice do you give to people starting their own companies?
2 Why are there so few agencies which really help new businesses?
3 How can new businesses get help to grow and become successful?
4 Why do so many new companies have problems with business planning?
L 3 Listen to the third part of the interview. Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).
1 The managing director was confident that the electrical engineers would be able to build and grow a business.
2 The engineers needed help in order to develop their product.
3 The product they developed was problematic from an environmental point of view.
4 It tool< two years to develop their business skills.
5 Their turnover this year will be o\ er a million pounds.
Grammar
Time clauses provide information about actions and events in the past present and future.
1 We often use when to introduce time clauses.
• He remembers when he first joined the company.... (past time)
• When there are few jobs, young people tend to study more (present time)
• When I'm on the plane, I'll read all the contracts, (future time)
We can also use while, before, after, until and as soon as to introduce time clauses.
• Many new high-tech companies started while the economy was growing.
• Wе need to arrange our finance before we can develop the business
• After we meet the candidates we'll decide how many to employ.
• Until inflation is under control, planning will be difficult.
When we use a time clause to talk about the future, the verb in the time clause is m the present tense or the present perfect tense.
• As coon as they sign the contract, we'll annovnce the deal.
Language review
Time clauses
• We '11 make tne decision when we've finished the budget. Match the sentence halves to make appropriate sentences.
1 We'll have breakfast in thd hotel a) could you check tnese figures.
2 Please talk to your line manager b) when the conditions are right.
3 Until we have full employment, \ 0 as soon as interest rates fall.
4 We won't hire new staff \ <0 until we get new business.
5 While you're waiting for the fax, e) before you sign the contrart.
6 we can set up in that country V 0 our ecoromy will not improve
7 While I'm with this company, g) before we go to the office.
8 Consumer spending rises h) 1 want opportunities for
| 011.6 Say these numbers. Listen and check after each group. | ||||
| 1 a) 47 | b) 362 | c) 1,841 | d) 15,000 | e) 36,503 |
| f) 684,321 | g) 4,537,295 | |||
| 2 a) 3.5 | b) 2.89 | c) 9-875 | ||
| 3 а) 3Д | b) V» | 0 6/7 | d) % | e) [6]/з |
| 4 a) 15% | b) 50% | c) 97% | d) ico% | |
| 5 a) £80 | b) $5,800 | c) €150,000 | d) €2o,oco |
training.
Answer these questions.
What is the population of your a) country? b) city? How many people work for your company/study at your institution? What is the average salary in your country? What is the inflation rate? Roughly how many people are unemployed? What is the interest rate for savings?
L 1 7 Listen to the following extracts from a radio business news programme. Underline the numbers you hear.
|
Useful language
Saying large numbers
For example, 912,757,250 =
912, 75 7, 250
nine hundred and twelve million, seven hundred and fifty-seven thousand, two hundred and fifty
British and American English differences
twenty (AmE)
0 = zero (AmE)
and twenty (BrE)
320 = three hundred 0 = nought / oh (BrE)
Decimals
1.25 = one point two five 0.754 = nought point seven five four (BrE) zero point seven five four (AmE) point seven five four (BrF/AmE)
Fractions
5/7 = five-sevenths 2A = two-fifths
Percentages
65% = sixty-five percent
Currencies
У2 = a half % = a quarter
£3,000,000 = three million pounds €16,000 = sixteen thousand euros
Unit 14
Financial system of KZ
Economic development of Kazakhstan
I. Try to discuss the main aspects of economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan considering the following points:
Economic situation in early 90’s
The strategy of economical development
Natural resources
Industry of Kazakhstan
Agriculture
Transportation system
Necessary vocabulary
Market economy –
Profit –
Producer –
Consumer –
Growth rate –
Supply –
Demand –
Enterprise –
Stock exchange/stock market –
Raw materials –
Oil field –
External debt –
GNP (Gross national product) –
GDP (Gross domestic product) –
Per capita –
Domestic market –
Investment –
Revenue –
Expenditure –
Budget –
National fund –
Sustainable development –
Non-ferrous metals –
Ferrous metals –
Economy of Kazakhstan in brief
The economy of Kazakhstan has lived through a difficult period of modernization and change from planning economy to the market economy. There are several strong points of the economy of Kazakhstan. First of all in terms of resources Kazakhstan is one of the richest regions on the planet. In terms of the reserves of zinc, wolfram and barium the republic is ranked first in the world, in terms of silver, lead – second, in terms of copper – third, in terms of gold – sixth.
Today Kazakhstan exports fuel, energy resources (oil, gas, and coal) and metals (iron, chrome, steel, copper, aluminum, zinc and lead). According to the latest estimations the general reserves of gas and oilfield make 23 billion tons.
The agricultural sector is an important sector of country’s economy. The north Kazakhstan climate provides ideal conditions for growing wheat, oats, and other grain crops and also allows developing vegetable production, industrial crops – sunflower, tobacco etc. In the south there are cotton, sugar beet, rice fields.
As for international economic relations, the main partners of Kazakhstan are the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, the countries of Central Asian region, European Union and others.
The main export goods are: oil and oil products (35%), nonferrous metals (17%), ferrous metals (16%), grain crops (9%). The basic imported products are cars, equipment, instruments and machines, chemicals, food products, ready products and consumer goods.
Main figures
GDP growth in 2008 105% in comparison to 2007
Unemployment rate – 6.3% in 2008
External trade – in 2008 42,5% more than in 2007
Revenues – increased for 21.7%
Expenditures – increased for 27,2% in 2008
II. Answer the questions using the information from the text
1. What are the main sectors of economy? 2. Name the natural resources Kazakhstan is rich in? 3. Who are the main partners of Kazakhstan? 4. What are the main export goods? 5. Tell about the agricultural sector
III. Make a research
1. What are the main figures now compared to 2008. 2. Compare the export as in 2008 and now. 3. Name the strongest points of our economy. 4. Name the biggest companies in each area of economy. 5. Are there any new industries opening in Kazakhstan? Name them.
IV. Fill the table including the information about industry, economical strong points of each region of Kazakhstan
Aktobe region
Atyrau region
West Kazakhstan region
Mangystau region
Akmola region
Pavlodar region
North Kazakhstan region
Kostanai region
Almaty region
South Kazakhstan region
Kyzylorda region
Zhambyl region
Karaganda region
East Kazakhstan region
Individual work
Make a presentation on one sector of economy and one big company. Include statistical information.
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