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Make up situations using the English equivalents of the words given above. 40. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:

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  7. B). Open the brackets. c). Put questions to the underlined words.

 

40. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:

 

§ to chill § to belittle § important § useful
§ clean § combination § soundly § confusion

 

41. Find in the text the antonyms to the following words:

 

§ imbalance § to maximize § absence § higher
§ order § impure § quickly § frozen

42. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

 

To purify water; pure fresh water; potable water; potential energy; contaminated mixture; unfrozen water; low temperature;freezing temperature; salt water; ice cube; desalination plant; to be less economical

 

43. Find the correct words in Text 12D to complete the sentences:

 

1.The ice that forms when sea water ___ is essentially pure fresh water.

2. Purification effect results from a ___ between energy and disorder.

3. As long as the water freezes slowly, the ice crystal it forms will have very little ___ in it.

4. When you freeze a bucket of salt water, the ice that forms first contains very ___ salt.

5. When you freeze ice cubes, the outer surface freezes first and the ___ become concentrated near the middle of the cube.

 

44. Work with a partner. Take turns to ask and answer questions to text 12D. Use the words and word combinations below:

 

§ boiling § to purify water
§ pure fresh water § to obtain potable water
§ to minimize the potential energies § a highly ordered crystal
§ a contaminated mixture of water § to separate pure from impure water
§ to contain imperfections § impurities
§ perfect crystals § hard to grow.
§ to contain salt § to freeze
§ to obtain fresh water § to be expensive

 

45. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box:

 

from to (2) by (2) of (7) in(7) for (2) into

 

Water Treatment

 

___ ancient times ___ the present, water filters have evolved out of necessity, first to remove materials that affect appearance, then to improve bad tastes and finally to remove contaminants that can cause disease and illness. Wells, canals, aqueducts, reservoirs and distribution pipes were built as a community effort to bring water ___ a central supply. These waterworks were built ___ the Egyptians, Babylonians, Mesopotamians, Persians and Phoenicians centuries before the birth of Christ.

The earliest record ___ the beginnings ___ water treatment is linked to Hippocrates (known as the «Father of Medicine») ___ the 4th century B.C. He advised boiling water to improve taste and then filtering through a cloth bag. Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.), ___ his Historia Naturalis, discusses the characteristics ___ potable water. ___ Egypt and China they put alum ___ tubs to clarify the water. ___ 1935, Sir Henry Doulton, ___ the Royal Doulton china company ___ London ___ the UK, invented the ceramic cartridge ___ removing bacteria from water.

In more recent times, treatment ___ water to remove pathogenic organisms began around 1892 after Dr. Robert Koch traced the cholera epidemic in Hamburg, Germany, to its unfiltered water supply. Since 1855, ___ London, England, a parliamentary statute required its water supply to be filtered through slow sand filters. Slow sand filters were introduced ___ the United States around 1870 and a modern rapid-sand filtration plant was built ___ 1902 at Little Falls, NJ. In 1909, liquid chlorine was developed ___ disinfection ___ water supplies.

 

Consult the TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING and learn about the use of chlorine to purify water (Text 49), about water filtration at present (Text 50) and the future of water filtration (Text 51). Be ready to discuss the information you have read.

 


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Читайте в этой же книге: Guess the meaning of the words in bold type. Analyze their word-formation model. | Consult the TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING and complete the information about the history of oil extraction (Text 42). Be ready to discuss the information you have read. | Make up situations using the English equivalents of the words given above. | Consult the TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING and learn about the development of Oklahoma’s oil & gas industry (Text 44). Be ready to discuss the information you have read. | Read the information about oil use. Add the facts about the use of oil which you know. Discuss them with your partner. | WORD BUILDING | Divide text 12A into logical parts and give each a suitable title. | Read the text below to find answers to the given questions. | Make up situations using the English equivalents of the words given above. | Consult the TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING and learn about early attempts to find or get clean water (Text 47). Be ready to discuss the information you have read. |
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Consult the TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING and learn about the advent of municipal water treatment (Text 48). Be ready to discuss the information you have read.| Read and translate the following memorandum.

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