Ex. 11. Fill in A few, B a few, C little, D a little.

1. Very... students are really hardworking. 2. Hurry up. There is... time left. 3. She is not very communicative. She has got very... friends. 4. He cannot give these books. There are only... of them left and he had promised them to his customers. 5. There is too... snow this year. The rivers will be smaller. 6. Can you spend a lot of time for it? No, only.... 7. Help yourselves to this pie. There are only... slices left. 8. The translation is very difficult. I had to look for... words in the dictionary. 9. Would you like some more tea? Yes, please pour.... 10. We have very... time. The train is to leave. 11. I couldn't buy the coat because I had... money left. 12. Let us buy some ice-cream, I have... money left. 13.... pupils speak English as well as she does. 14. There were very... people in the streets. 15. We can't play because we have too... time. 16. Give me... apples. 17. They spent... days in the country and then returned to Kyiv. 18. Ask Ann to help you to translate the text; she knows French.... 19. Mary works hard at her English. She makes... mistakes in her speech. 20. Can you lend me... money?

TASK 3. READING. THE COSSACK REPUBLIC

The word Cossack means a free and independent man. Cossacks were first united in writing in 1492. In the next 16th century the Cossacks united in a single military organization. The appearance of the Zaporizhian Sich is inseparably bound up with the formation the Cossacks as a separated social stratum with its own order, traditions and way of life. This process was the direct results of a continuous struggle between settled farmers and the nomadic tribes ruled by the Crimean Khan and the Turkish Sultan.

Cossack prestige was such that a central Cossack nation seemed to have taken shape, with elements of Cossack democracy penetrating the whole society. The end of the 16th century witnessed joint peasant - Cossack revolts against the Polish social, economic, religious and cultural oppression.

In 1648, a national war broke out in Ukraine, led by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi whom Oliver Cromwell, trying to establish good relations, called a "renowned generalissimus".

That same year the Polish army lost several battles to the Cossack forces. On December 23, 1648, Kyiv joyously welcomed the victorious Cossacks. But this was just the beginning.

Ahead lay the long years of armed struggle for the Ukrainian people's freedom and independence, with the Cossacks playing a crucial role.

Squeezed between the three powerful countries - Muscovy, Poland and the Ottoman Empire with its vassal Crimean Khanate, Ukraine had to seek allies. Eventually, after six years of hostilities, this led to the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654), a military and political alliance with Russia. Ukraine retained extensive autonomy (which would be gradually reduced by tsarist decrees).

In Moscow and Warsaw there was signed the Treaty of Andrusiv, finally dividing Ukraine between the two of them, whereby the Right Bank went to Poland and the Left Bank (Kyiv included), to Muscovy. For the Ukrainian people it was sheer political disaster.

The Ukrainian Cossacks played an important role in European political history, Thus, after the devastating wars against Ukraine Poland never recovered its previous might. Cossacks were in the front ranks of Russian forces in the Russo-Turkish wars of the 18 century and in battles against the Crimean Tatar campaign in Southeastern Europe.

THE PLAN OF ANNOTATION ( план анотації)

Дата добавления: 2015-07-26