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1. Леса в Российской Федерации занимают обширную территорию. 2. Российской Федерации принадлежит более третьей части всех мировых лесных ресурсов. 3. В России преобладают хвойные леса с сосной, елью, лиственницей, кедром и пихтой. 4. Хвойное дерево — это дерево с листьями, подобными иглам, у которого семена образуются в шишках. 5. Приблизительно 80 процентов наших лесов — хвойные. 6. Наиболее распространенные породы лиственных деревьев — это дуб, бук, береза, тополь, осина. 7. Древесину хвойных пород принято называть мягкой, а лиственных — твердой. 8. Лес обычно определяется как сообщество растений, главным образом деревьев или другой древесной растительности, занимающих определенную площадь. 9. Лес также характеризуется определенной растительностью под деревьями и определенным животным миром. 10. Термин 'лес ' зачастую используется применительно к экономической единице производственной площади. 11. Лес из деревьев одного возраста и однородный по составу называется ' древостоем '. 12. Древостой, состоящий из деревьев одной породы, называется чистым. 13. Смешанный лес состоит из деревьев нескольких пород. 14. Лес — это возобновляемый природный ресурс. 15. При умелом управлении лес может давать постоянный прирост. 16. Если нарушить нормы эксплуатации, то может последовать уничтожение самого ресурса. 17. Устойчивое лесоуправление означает, что применяются экологически разумные методы, поддерживающие целостность лесных экосистем. 18. Леса стабилизируют климат, способствуют переработке питательных веществ, распаду загрязняющих веществ, очищению воздуха и воды. 19. Лесоводство в нашей стране — крупная и независимая отрасль промышленности, важная отрасль народного хозяйства. 20. Современное лесоводство занимается тем, что помогает лесам производить древесину в качестве сырья для лесной промышленности. 21. Аэрофотосъемка и геоинформационные технологии используются для того, чтобы предоставить данные для лесного хозяйства и лесной промышленности. 22. Имеется более 10000 питомников, которые ежегодно обеспечивают лесников миллиардами деревьев. 23. Ученые работают над новыми идеями по усовершенствованию управления лесами.
VI. Answer the questions:
1. Is Russia rich in forests?
2. What forests are there in the north of the Russian Federation?
3. Are there more coniferous or deciduous forests in our country?
4. What trees provide hardwood (softwood)?
5. What is the most common definition of a forest?
6. Is the forest a complex system? What does it include besides trees and other plants?
7. What is a stand? How is it characterized?
8. What makes a pure stand? What is a mixed forest like?
9. What materials do forests provide our industries with?
10. What kind of resource is a forest?
11. Why is skilful management important in forestry?
12. What can happen if the rate of forest exploitation is too high?
13. What does sustainable forest management involve?
14. Are forests important for the biosphere?
15. How do wildlife and nature in general benefit from forests?
16. Is forestry art or science?
17. Is forestry an independent branch of the national economy?
18. What do foresters keep account of? Why do they have to do it?
19. What are aerial photography and GI technologies used for?
20. Are forest fires a big problem in Russia? What other problems do we have?
21. Is much being done to improve our forests?
Text 2. RUSSIA’S FORESTS
Russia is endowed with a vast forest stock, as it inherited 95 % of the Soviet Union's forested land. The Russian taiga forest is the world's primary wood reserve, covering 700 million ha. The forest is 80 % coniferous, representing 52 % of the world’s coniferous land. Russian forests cover an area approximately the size of the USA, and the forested area of the Amazon Basin is 50 % smaller than Russia’s forests.
Russia's forests are classified, according to the former Soviet system, into three groupings: Group I is forests protected by strict regulations intended to preserve the forests' environmental, scientific, recreational, and aesthetic value. Conservation areas, national parks and strictly-protected nature reserves for scientific research, ecological monitoring and the study of natural diversity all fall within this category. Commercial harvesting of timber is strictly prohibited and only sanitary silviculture is allowed, i. e. thinning stands and fertilization.
Group II is forests which serve both «protective» and limited industrial functions. Theу include forests with inadequate raw timber resources that require intensive management to ensure that they are able to supply industry while preserving their environmental value (i. e. watershed and soil protection, conservation of biodiversity — including endemic species such as the Siberian tiger, and regulation of climate). These forests tend to be located in regions such as southern and European Russia which have a high population density and a developed transport network.
Group III consists of heavily forested regions that are used primarily for commercial exploitation to satisfy Russian wood requirements without detriment to their ecological values and services. Group III forests can be broken down into two categories: developed and to-be-developed forests, the latter meaning many forests in East Siberia and the Russian Far East which are remote, and have a limited or non-existent transport network.
Traditionally, Group I, II, and III forests have contributed, respectively, approximately 9, 17, and 74 % of the total annual allowable cut (расчетная лесосека) under the control of the forest authorities.
Recent estimates place the Russian Federation’s annual allowable cut (AAC) at 830 million m3. Experts consider 285 million m3 of the AAC to be unharvestable for a minimum of 20 years because the trees cannot yet be reached by the major transportation systems which are projected to be completed within the next 15—20 years. Of this unharvestable portion of the AAC, 80 %of the forested land is in East Siberia and the Russian Far East.
To all intents and purposes, the AAC for the Russian Federation therefore totals 545 million m3. This more realistic AAC comprises 426 million m3 of currently accessible timber and 119 million m3 of potentially accessible timber, where economic accessibility is a function of infrastructure development over the next 10—20 years.
About 50 % of Russia's currently accessible AAC islocated in European Russia, where the density of the population, infrastructure, and forest product processing facilities is greatest. In European Russia, easily accessible coniferous stands have been over-harvested. And yet the 50 % of me 225 million m3 of Russia's deciduous AAC located in this region has traditionally been under-utilized.
The total realistic AAC, coniferous and deciduous forests are estimated at 320 and 225 million m3 respectively. The coniferous stands are predominately spruce, fir, pine, and larch. Spruce and fir are found throughout the Russian Federation, while pine is concentrated in the Western regions of Russia but is also found in the Far East. Larch is rare in European Russia, but becomes increasingly common in coniferous stands as one travels eastward through the Russian Federation.
Deciduous stands are mainly birch, followed by aspen, and basswood, with a small percentage of oak and beech. Birch flourishes throughout West and East Siberia and accounts for the majority of the deciduous stands in these regions. In the Russian Far East, birch and aspen still dominate deciduous stands, however oak and other hardwood species also grow there.
Current policy and resource reviews are likely to reveal that each of the regions of Russia has its own specific needs and investment priorities. There is a strong potential for investment in European Russia in new technologies and the modernization of existing facilities.
Technology transfer and know-how in harvesting and regeneration methods are essential for sustainable development in these regions. Accessible larch stands in the Far East tend to be under-utilized as this species has a bad reputation amongst wood-processing industrialists because of its fiber morphology. However, the Japanese have begun to import Russia's larch and have conducted research that showed larch to be a very acceptable species for plywood. Through finding new applications for hitherto unacceptable species, Russia will be closer to sustainable practices, as it will no longer have to concentrate on the currently commercial species.
(from Pulp and Paper International, 1994)
Answer the questions:
1. What is the value of Group I forests?
2. What function do forests of Group II have?
3. How do forests of Group III vary?
4. What is the total volume of the annual allowable cut (AAC)?
5. How much of the total volume is unharvestable? Why?
6. Which coniferous and deciduous species grow in Siberia?
7. Are advanced technologies and know-how important for Russian forestry?
8. How can larch be possibly used?
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