Give a difinition of literary pronunciation and a standart of pronunciation.

Literary pronunciation (term is traditionaly used by Ukrainian and Russian linguists) is 1) an accent which implicity enjoys the status of being “correct”, cultivated and accepted by the educated speakers throughout the country; 2) orthoepic pronunciation (літературна вимова). A standart of pronunciation (term is traditionaly used by American, British scholars) is a phonetic shaping of spoken form of a national language received be the educated users oh that language which at a given time ig generaly considered correct, statistically relevant and/or enjoys social prestige. The use of the other pronunsiation types is applied to certain regions, smaller localities, social, professional and age groups. Thus varieties in pronunciation within a country can include a national standart pronunciation and trritorial/area accents.

20.

Speak on the relationship between a dialect and an accent.

Every national variant of language (e. g. English) falls into teritorial and regional varieties (dialects). A dialect is a variant of language that includes differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronuncaition. Thus a dialect includes an accent, i. e. a way of pronouncing the language. An accent is a unified entity of pronunciation patterns used for communicative interaction by the members of the same speech community. Speaker of the same accent typically 1) share a relevant social or geographical attribute and 2) maintain a uniform set of phonological characteristics, despite a certain amount of limited phonetic and lexical-incidental variation between them. In other words accent is the way different people from various regions speak, in ways such as pronunciation of certain words or phrases, while dialect is the form of language in which people speak, such as different forms of English from around the world. Different accents vary by pronunciation, while dialects have some unique vocabulary and sometimes even small variations in grammar.

Speak on TESOL.

Speaker’s experience of languages may typically embrace a 1^st language, a 2^nd and a foreign languages. There exist such terms aplicable to dif. groups of non-native speakers as ELT (teching English to learners of all types), TEFL (learners are neither native speakers nor immigramts), TESL (learners are often immigrants to an Eng.-speaking culture). TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) is slightly more neutral term encompassing both TESL anf TEFL, but avoidinf the labels such as “second” or “foreign”)mainly used in American English).

21.

1.Canadian English contains elements of British English and American English in its vocabulary, as well as many distinctive Canadianisms. In many areas, speech is influenced by French, and there are notable local variations. The phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon for most of Canada are similar to that of the Western and Midland regions of the United States.

It has many similarities with GeneralAmerican pronunciation. Yet there exists one salient combination of accent characteristics which constitutes a reliable diagnostic for distinguishing Canadians from Americans – so called @Canadian rising@. The diphthongs ai and au in CnE have a mid-central nucleus, but not the low one as in RP, before the following voiceless consonant, so ai=ei and au=av as in price, mouth, and pipe, while, like, life, nice, out, south, couch. The pronunciation of sentence @i saw the white house as@ may be regarded as typically Canadian, but an-american.

Most Canadians use the retroflex r and dark I in all positions. In words like @tune duke new, YOD DROPPING is widespread.

2.

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