Theoretical questions.

1. What is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. Provide with example. Alliteration. -- It can also be consonance. The distinction is in where the consonant sounds are placed -- within or at the beginning of the word. E.G.Buckets of big blue berries. Few flocked to the fight. String and strong

2. What is the branch of stylistics that studies functions of direct and figurative meanings, also the way contextual meaning of a word is realized in the text?.It deals with various types of connotations – expressive, evaluative, emotive; neologisms, dialectal words and their behavior in the text. Give some examples. Lexical stylistics – studies functions of direct and figurative meanings, also the way contextual meaning of a word is realized in the text. L.S. deals with various types of connotations – expressive, evaluative, emotive; neologisms, dialectal words and their behavior in the text.

3. Which branch of stylistics deals with all subdivisions of the language and its possible use (newspaper, colloquial style). Give some types of them. - Functional STYLISTICS (s. of decoding) – deals with all subdivisions of the language and its possible use (newspaper, colloquial style). Its object - correlation of the message and communicative situation. E.G belles-letres, publistic lit-re, newspapers, scientific prose, official doc.

4. What is a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature: hiss, grumble, sizzle, murmur, bump., sea, thunder, by things like machines tools, by people (laughter, cough), by animal? Provide with examples. Onomatopoeia e.g 1. Words Related to Water – These words often begin with sp- or dr-. Words that indicate a small amount of liquid often end in -le (sprinkle/drizzle). Bloop, splash, spray, sprinkle, squirt

2. Words Related to the Voice – Sounds that come from the back of the throat tend to start with a gr- sound whereas sounds that come out of the mouth through the lips, tongue and teeth begin with mu-.Giggle, growl, grunt, gurgle, mumble, murmur

3. Words Related to Collisions – Collisions can occur between any two or more objects. Sounds that begin with cl- usually indicate collisions between metal or glass objects, and words that end in -ng are sounds that resonate. Words that begin with th- usually describe dull sounds like soft but heavy things hitting wood or earth.Bam, bang, clank, clink, ding, jingle, screech, slap. thud, thump

4. Words Related to Air – Because air doesn’t really make a sound unless it blows through something, these words describe the sounds of air blowing through things or of things rushing through the air. 'Whisper' is on this list and not the voice list because we do not use our voices to whisper. We only use the air from our lungs and the position of our teeth, lips and tongues to form audible words.Flutter, fisst, fwoosh, gasp, swish, swoosh, whiff, whoosh,whizz, whisper

5. Animal Sounds – If you’ve spent significant amounts of time with people from other countries, you know that animals speak different languages too. Depending on where a chicken is from, for example, she might cluck-cluck, bok-bok, tok-tok, kot-kot or cotcotcodet. In the United States, however, animals speak English: Arf, baa, bark, bray, buzz, cheep, chirp, chortle, cluck, cock-a-doodle-doo

6. Miscellaneous Examples – Onomatopoeia can also be found in literature, songs and advertisements as well. Consider the following examples of onomatopoeia:

· "Chug, chug, chug. Puff, puff, puff. Ding-dong, ding-dong. The little train rumbled over the tracks."("Watty Piper" [Arnold Munk], The Little Engine That Could)

· "Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is." (slogan of Alka Seltzer, U.S.)

4.

5. What is alliteration.? Alliteration – a figure of speech which consists in the repetition of the same sound in words in close succession (usually in the stressed syllables) e.g Buckets of big blue berries. Few flocked to the fight. String and strong What is the stylistic function? Give an example.

6. What is onomatopoeia? Point out the types. What purpose is it used for? is a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature: hiss, grumble, sizzle, murmur, bump., sea, thunder, by things like machines tools, by people (laughter, cough), by animal see question #4

7. What are the main functions of rhyme? The function of rhyme in poetry is to establish structure while creating a pleasant or even beautiful symmetry among a poem’s verses.Another important function of rhyme in poetry is to create symmetry, a repeated pattern that often conveys a sense of harmony and beauty to an audience. This can be achieved even if the rhyme is imperfect and the words sound similar but not exactly alike, such as “back” and “fact.” This is such an important aspect of poetry that translators of poems in foreign languages will sometimes take pains to ensure their translations rhyme as well as the original.The symmetrical and memory-aiding functions of rhyme in poetry mean that they are often used in other contexts. Verses called nursery rhymes, sometimes containing archaic or nonsensical words and images, are taught to young children to introduce important concepts and because the rhymes are easy for children to remember. Popular songs employ rhyme for the same reasons poems do. Inexpert writers often force their poems to rhyme, even if the verse suffers as a result. Modern poets sometimes dispense with rhyme entirely, preferring non-rhyming formats known as blank verse or free verse. How many types are there of it?End Rhymes
Rhyming of the final words of lines in a poem. The following, for example, is from Seamus Heaney’s “Digging”:

Under my window, a clean rasping sound
When the spade sinks into gravelly ground 


Internal Rhymes
Rhyming of two words within the same line of poetry. The following, for example, is from Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven”:

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, 


Slant Rhymes (sometimes called imperfect, partial, near, oblique, off etc.)
Rhyme in which two words share just a vowel sound (assonance – e.g. “heart” and “star”) or in which they share just a consonant sound (consonance – e.g. “milk” and “walk”). Slant rhyme is a technique perhaps more in tune with the uncertainties of the modern age than strong rhyme. The following example is also from Seamus Heaney’s “Digging”:

Between my finger and my thumb
The squat pen rests; snug as a gun 


Rich Rhymes
Rhyme using two different words that happen to sound the same (i.e. homonyms) – for example “raise” and “raze”. The following example – a triple rich rhyme – is from Thomas Hood’s” A First Attempt in Rhyme”:

Partake the fire divine that burns,
In Milton, Pope, and Scottish Burns,
Who sang his native braes and burns. 


Eye Rhymes
Rhyme on words that look the same but which are actually pronounced differently – for example “bough” and “rough”. The opening four lines of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18, for example, go:

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Here, “temperate” and “date” look as though they rhyme, but few readers would pronounce “temperate” so that they did. Beware that pronunciations can drift over time and that rhymes can end up as eye rhymes when they were originally full (and vice versa). 


Identical Rhymes
Simply using the same word twice. An example is in (some versions of) Emily Dickinson’s “Because I Could not Stop for Death”:

We paused before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground—
The Roof was scarcely visible—
The Cornice—in the Ground— 


It’s clear there is often a certain amount of overlap between rhyme and other poetical devices such as assonance – subjects to be covered in future poetry writing tips. What is the stylistic function?. And provide with examples.

7. How do we call the figurative use of a word or a phrase that creates imagery? They are used in verbal art to create general or individual images and to attain a higher artistic expressiveness. What stylistic effect is achieved?

8. What is metonymy? What is its stylistic function and what types are given for discussion?

9. How do we call a stylistic device in which the proper name of a person, who is famous for some of his features, is put for a person having the same feature? It is based on interaction between logical and nominal meaning of a word.

10. How do we call a stylistic device based on the simultaneous realization of two meanings: the literal meaning is the opposite of the intended meaning; used in ridicule, contempt, or humour? Provide wit an example.

11. Which two stylistic devices are based on polysemantic effect, on interaction of primary and derivative meaning? What is their stylistic function?

12. What is zeugma? How can you explain the usage of zeugma? Prove with examples.

13. How do we call the use of a word in such a manner as to bring out different meanings or applications, or the use of words alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning, often with humorous intent. It can be also called a play of words. They are often used in riddles and joke. What is its function?

14. What is chiasmus? Prove with your own examples. What is another name for it?

15. How do we call an ascending series of words or utterances in which intensity or significance increases step by step. Eg. Every racing car, every racer, every mechanic, every ice - cream van was also plastered with advertising. What are the typical features?

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