Mobile advertising

From The Economist

Advertising on mobile phones is a tiny business. Last year spending on mobile ads was $871m worldwide according to Informa Telecoms & Media, a research firm, compared with $24 billion spent on Internet advertising and $450 billion spent on all advertising. But it has a great future.

At the moment, most mobile advertising takes the form of text messages. But telecoms firms are also beginning to deliver ads to handsets alongside video clips, web pages, and music and game downloads, through mobiles that are smarty enough to permit such things.

The 2.5 billion mobile phones around the world can potentially reach a much bigger audience than the planet's billion or so personal computers. The number of mobile phones in use is also growing much faster than the number of computers, especially in poorer countries. Better yet, most people carry their mobile with them everywhere - something that cannot be said of television or computers.

Advertisers believe that about half of all traditional advertising does not reach the right audience. But mobile advertising through text messages is the most focused: if marketers use mobile firms' profiles of their customers cleverly enough, they can tailor their advertisements to match each subscriber's habits.

Blyk, a new mobile operator, launched a service in Britain that aims to do just that. It offers subscribers 217 free text messages and 43 free minutes of voice calls per month as long as they agree to receive six advertisements by text message every day. To sign up for the service, customers must fill out a questionnaire about their hobbies and habits. So advertisers can target their messages very precisely.

Vodafone, a big mobile operator based in Britain, sees mobile advertising as a potentially profitable source of additional income. Now most of the ads on its network are still text messages, although it has begun displaying ads on Vodafone live!, its mobile Internet homepage, through which subscribers access the Internet and download videos and music. Vodafone is also running several pilots, says Richard Saggers, the head of its mobile advertising unit, in which subscribers receive free content in exchange for viewing ads.

Most mobile advertising strategies now rely on text messages, since few customers have taken to more elaborate services that allow them to download music, games and videos and to surf the web. Most people think mobile screens are too small for watching TV programmes or playing games, although newer models, such as Apple's iPhone, boast bigger and brighter screens.

That is not the only problem. While consumers are used to ads on television and radio, they consider their mobiles a more personal device. A flood of advertising might offend its audience, and thus undermine its own value. Tolerance of advertising also differs from one market to another. In the Middle East, for example, unwanted text messages are quite common, and do not prompt many complaints. But subscribers might not prove so open-minded in Europe or America.

Some think these obstacles will confine mobile advertising to a niche for years to come. But others see a whole new world of possibilities, as more people use their phones to access the Internet.

1. What do these numbers in the article refer to?

$871m $24 billion $450 billion 2.5 billion 217 43 six

2. Why has mobile advertising become more popular? List the reasons.

3. What problems are related to mobile advertising?

Task 4. Now read the article again. Are the following statements true or false?

1. About half of all traditional advertising reaches the right audience.

2. Blyk offers subscribers 150 free text messages and 64 free minutes of voice calls per month as long as they agree to receive six advertisements by text message every day.

3. Subscribers of Vodafone have to pay for viewing ads.

4. Most mobile advertising strategies now rely on video clips.

5. In the Middle East subscribers don’t complain if they receive unwanted text messages.

6. Users consider their mobiles a more corporative device.

Task 5. Match words from each column to form partnerships. Then check your answers in the article.

1.mobile	a)firm
2.research	b)pages
3.personal	c)messages
4.web	d) phones
5.text	e)strategies
6.advertising	f)computers

Task 6. Make sentences using partnerships from Task 5.

WRITING

Task 7. Write a summary paragraph of what you have learned about mobile advertising.

DISCUSSION

Task 8. Work in groups. Chose one of the advertising media below. Make a short presentation on its advantages and disadvantages.

1) television 2) radio 3) magazines 4) exhibition

Lesson 4

LARGE COMPANY VS. SMALL COMPANY

LEAD-IN

Task 1. What is better for a graduate, to work for a large or a small company? Why?

READING

Task 2. Read the article and complete the chart.

BIG FIRM OR SMALL, WHAT”S THE BEST FIT FOR YOUR CAREER?

By Kate M. Jackson, Globe Correspondent

From http://www.boston.com/

Whether just starting a career or having reached a crossroads within it, job seekers will often contemplate the age-old question: Is it better to be a big fish in a small pond or a small fish in a big pond? There is certainly not a one-size-fits-all answer. It really depends upon someone's individual personality and goals. Some students may be more entrepreneurial and adventurous and visibility they'd have at a small company. Others prefer the security, training, and organization a large company can offer.

When Jennifer Kushell graduated from Boston University, she knew her free-thinking spirit wouldn't fly in a large company. Instead, she decided to start up her own business to help other people like her establish their ideal career paths. She founded YSN.com (your success network), an online professional network geared toward 18- to 34-year-olds and travels the country speaking to students and business owners about becoming an entrepreneur. Job seekers who have a clear career path are for big companies. On the other hand, small companies are often the better choice for people who are looking for a real baptism by fire, Kushell said. "At small companies, there are more opportunities to gain a bunch of experience right away. There isn't much structure, there's more engagement with senior management, and a more flexible and casual environment. The smaller company is a place where they can make a real difference from day one," she said.

But making a difference on the road less traveled can often be a dissimilar experience for women than it is for men, according to Vicki Donlan of Hingham, author of the new book "Her Turn: Why It's Time for Women to Lead America." "Larger companies may be a better choice for women who have or are planning on having a family one day for several reasons." For instance, once you've proven that you're a valuable worker, larger companies are more likely to offer you resources and stimuli for staying with the company, she said. "The larger company can offer flex time, telecommuting, job sharing, and other programs that are supportive of one's career path and life outside the office" she said.

As a small business owner and a recruiter for construction companies, Colm Allen sees the large company vs. small company issue from both sides. "So a lot of people often ask us the question 'Is it better to work at a large or small company right now?' And we always tell them it's really about working some place where you fit in." At a large company, for instance, you can gain insight into a variety of management styles. At a small company, you can gain more hands-on experience, he said. "All of my employees, because we are so small, have a say in how the company is run because they have access to me all the time. At larger companies, you can hide. I have nowhere to hide. But that's what makes it work and the reason for our high retention rate. Everyone fits in."

And enjoyment is the most important thing, said Dora Vell, founder of the Waltham headhunting firm Vell & Associates. "At the end of the day you need to be passionate about what you do regardless of the size of the organization or what anyone else says. You have to trust your own feeling."

	Jennifer Kushell	Vicki Donlan of Hingham	Colm Allen	Dora Vell
It’s better to work for a large company.
It’s better to work for a small firm.

Task 3. Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases from the article:

1. job seekers

2. a clear career path

3. baptism by fire

4. free-thinking spirit

5. flex time

6. management style

7. hands-on experience

8. retention rate

Task 4. Which of these statements are true? Correct the false ones.

1. Jennifer Kushell graduated from Boston University and set up her own business.

2. According to Jennifer Kushell, at big companies, there are more opportunities to gain a bunch of experience right away.

3. Vicki Donlan of Hingham is a marketing director.

4. Vicki Donlan of Hingham says that larger companies may be a better choice for women.

5. Colm Allen sees the large company vs. small company issue from both sides.

6. Relaxation is the most important thing, said Dora Vell.

DISCUSSION

Task 5. Express your point of view on the following issue.

Is it better to be a big fish in a small pond or a small fish in a big pond?

Task 6. Which of these words would you use to describe yourself in a work or study situation? Add any other useful words.

- entrepreneurial

- adventurous

- free-thinking

- honest

- reliable

- adaptable

Task 7. Work in pairs. Where do you want to work? Why?

WRITING

Task 8. Imagine that you are a job seeker who read Kate M. Jackson’s article from the website boston.com. What did you learn? Complete the following letter with your own ideas.

Dear Ms. Jackson,

I recently read your article from the website boston.com. I was interested to learn that______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

It was also interesting to hear that _______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

I have a few questions for you.__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Thank you for taking the time to respond to my letter.

Sincerely,

__________________________________________________

Lesson 5

BUSINESS ETIQUETTE

LEAD-IN

Task 1. What do you say to a business contact when:

1. you introduce yourself?

2. you introduce another person?

3. you are introduces to another person?

LISTENING

From Market Leader (Pre-intermediate)

Task 2. Listen to five conversations at a conference. Match up the speakers in each conversation. Then decide where they know each other.

Speaker 1	Speaker 2	Do they know each other?
1 Liz	a) Linda Eriksson
2 James	b) Jurgen
3 Julia	c) Lisa
4 John	d) Jane	Yes
5 Carla	e) Sam Clarke

Task 3. Try to complete conversations 2 and 4 below. Then listen again and check your answers.

Conversation 2

A James, have you …….. (1) Sam Clarke?

B No. Hello, Sam. …….. to meet …….. (2). I think we both …….. (3) Bill Carlton. I used to …….. (4) with him in Spain.

C Oh, yes…Bill. He’s in Moscow now.

B Really? I didn’t know that …….. him my …….. (5) next time you see him.

C Yes, I will.

Conversation 4

A Hi, I’m John.

B Hello, John. …….. (6) to meet you. I’m Lisa from the Munich office.

A Oh, Munich. I’ve never been, but I ……. (7) it’s a ……. (8) city, very lively.

B Yes, it is. It’s great. You should come. The conference is going to be there next year.

A I’d …….. (9) to. I’ll look …….. (10) to it.

Task 4. Look at the expressions below. Which are said by a) a host and b) a guest? Label each expression either H (for host) or G (for guest).

1. 1. Can I get you a drink? H

2. Yes, it’s just down there on the left.

3. It all looks good. What do you recommend?

4. Would you like me to show you round?

5. Help yourself to some food.

6. Yes, please. I’ll have a white wine.

7. Can I give you a lift to the airport?

8. Yes, I’d love to see some of the sights.

9. Could you tell me where the toilet is, please?

10. It’s very kind of you to offer, but there’s a taxi coming for me at 11.00.

Task 5. Match the sentences from Exercise 4 in logical pairs. For example,

Can I get you a drink? (1)

Yes, please. I’ll have a white wine. (6)

DISCUSSION

Task 6. Do you agree with this quotation? Give your reasons.

“Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client.”

READING

Task 7. Test your Business Etiquette.

Social and business etiquette can be tricky, and making the right moves can make a big difference. Take this quiz and see how you fare in the following business situations. The answers are at the bottom of the page.

1. Your boss, Ms. Alpha, enters the room when you're meeting with an important client, Mr. Beta. You rise and say "Ms. Alpha, I'd like you to meet Mr. Beta, our client from San Diego." Is this introduction correct?

2. At a social function, you meet the CEO of an important corporation. After a brief chat, you give him your business card. Is this correct?

3. You answer the phone for a peer who's available, and ask "Who's calling, please?" Are you correct?

4. You're entering a cab with an important client. You position yourself so the client is seated curbside. Is this correct?

5. You're hosting a dinner at a restaurant. You've pre-ordered for everyone and indicated where they should sit. Are you correct?

6. A toast has been proposed in your honor. You say "thank you" and take a sip of your drink. Are you correct?

7. You're in a restaurant and a thin soup is served in a cup with no handles. To eat it you should:

A) pick it up and drink it.

B) use the spoon provided.

C) eat half of it with a spoon and drink the remainder.

8. You're at a dinner and champagne is served with the dessert. You simply can't drink champagne yet know the host will be offering a toast. Do you:

A) tell the waiter "no champagne"?

B) turn over your glass?

C) ask the waiter to pour water into your champagne glass instead?

D) say nothing and allow the champagne to be poured?

9. You're at a table in a restaurant for a business dinner. Midway through the meal, you're called to the telephone. What do you do with your napkin?

A) Take it with you.

B) Fold and place it to the left of your plate.

C) Loosely fold it and place it on the right side.

D) Leave it on your chair.

Answers:

1. No. Introduce the more important person first. You should address your client and say "Mr. Beta, I'd like you to meet our Vice President of Development, Ms. Alpha." (Alternative answer—introduce the client as the more important person!)

2. No.

3. No.

4. Yes. When your client steps out of the car, (s)he will be on the curbside and therefore won't have to deal with getting out in traffic or sliding across the seat.

5. Yes.

6. No. If you do, then you're toasting yourself.

7. B. It's not a cup of coffee, for heaven's sake. And don't slurp, either.

8. D. It's more polite not to call attention to the fact that you can't drink champagne.

9. D. Leave it on your chair. Definitely don't put it on the table--what if you have crumbs on it?

SIMULATION

Task 8. Work in groups. You are at the conference. Role play the following conversations:

1. You recognize someone you met at a conference two years ago.

2. Introduce another person.

3. Introduce yourself and give information about your company.

Unit VI

TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Lesson 1

WE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

LEAD-IN

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the most urgent and important environmental issues nowadays?

2. What is the greenhouse effect?

3. Do you know the basic mechanism of the greenhouse effect? What problems can the greenhouse effect cause?

Here are some websites to help you answer these questions.

http://www.panda.org

http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/greenhouse.htm

http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/greenhouse/

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html

DISCUSSION

Task 2. Work in groups.Think of some ways to slow down the global warming. Discuss your ideas with your partners. You have about 30 minutes to prepare. You may use the Internet to find necessary information.

Task 3. Present your ideas and findings to the class.

Lesson 2

PAYING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

LEAD-IN

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What do you know about the G8 (the Group of Eight)?

2. What are the member states of the G8? What do the group’s activities include? Use the Internet to find information if necessary.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/3777557.stm

http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/what_is_g8.html

READING

Task 2. Read the text “Paying for environmental damage”.

PAYING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

Tackling climate change is one of the key issues at the G8 summit, with much talk of targets and global treaties. And companies will play a key role in reducing greenhouse gases. Most experts believe that some sort of market mechanism will need to be developed to encourage them to curb their emissions of C02.

There exist some quite different models to price such emissions: one of them is a carbon tax system.

This proposal is simple - impose a levy on polluters based on the amount of emissions they release. This is often known as a carbon tax, though in theory it could also apply to other greenhouse gases. The money raised from the tax could then be channelled to research and develop low-carbon technologies and clean energy.

The idea is that polluters, such as large power firms, are encouraged to reduce their emissions, while entrepreneurs can be encouraged to develop alternatives.

Businesses often insist that the biggest hurdle is unpredictability - it makes managing risk or plan investment difficult. The benefit of a carbon tax is that firms and investors can plan ahead.

Another benefit is that money raised can be collected by the government using the existing tax system.

But critics say such a tax is too blunt an instrument, and simply punishes certain sectors. If, for example, a power firm has already significantly reduced its emissions, then the easiest available way to make further cuts might simply be to reduce output.

Some argue that a carbon tax would be politically difficult to pass, because of resistance from industry and strong lobby groups. Moreover, once the government has collected the tax, there would be no guarantee that it would spend it in the best way to encourage cleaner technologies.

Proponents, meanwhile, say by dint of being universal it is not subject to the same pressures of handing out carbon credits.

But faced with another tax, some critics believe polluters might simply pass on the cost to consumers rather than actually reducing emissions - though this would only work if consumers remained loyal despite rising prices.

Moreover, once the government has collected the tax, there would be no guarantee that it would spend it in the best way to encourage cleaner technologies.

The main alternative to the carbon tax proposal is the cap-and-trade system.

Firms either opt to reduce their emissions directly - or they can buy the right to keep polluting. The idea of a cap-and-trade model to tackle pollution goes back several decades. In the 1970s the US Environmental Protection Agency established a scheme to trade sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide to tackle acid rain.

· EU must cut emissions by 8% from 1990 levels by 2012.

· Each nation agrees to a National Allocation Plan with the European Commission.

· ETS covers about 40% of the EU's total CO2 emissions, including large polluters.

· By 2012, all flights within, to and from EU will be covered.

Today, there is only one scheme - the European Trading Scheme (ETS) started in January 2005 - that obliges firms in selected sectors to meet binding carbon emissions targets. Industries in the ETS include power generation, iron and steel, glass and cement. About 40% of the European Union's total CO2 emissions are covered by the scheme.

(from BBCNews.com)

Task 3. Answer the following questions.

1. Why will companies play a key role in reducing greenhouse gases?

2. What is a ‘carbon tax?’ What is the general idea of a carbon tax?

3. What are the benefits of a carbon tax?

4. What are the weak points of a carbon tax?

5. Why do some people think that a carbon tax would be politically difficult to pass?

Task 4. Match the words from the text with their definitions.

1. treaty 2. curb 3. entrepreneur 4. emission 5. punish 6. encourage 7. hurdle 8. tax 9. tackle 10. target 11. benefit 12. output

a. a person who makes money by starting or running businesses b. to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation c. something that is sent out into the air d. a formal agreement between two or more countries e. an advantage that something gives you f. to make somebody suffer because they have broken the law or done something wrong g. the amount of something that a person, a machine or an organization produces h. a problem or difficulty that must be solved or dealt with before you can achieve something i. result that you try to achieve j. to give somebody support or hope k. to control or limit something, especially something bad l. money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services

Task 5. Use the words in sentences of your own. Read some of the sentences to your partner and ask him to translate them.

Lesson 3

PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

LEAD-IN

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What do you know about the ecological situation in the world? What are the most polluted regions?

2. What are the most urgent ecological issues nowadays?

3. What, in your opinion, needs to be done in order to improve the situation?

DISCUSSION

Task 2. Share your ideas with your partner. You have about 10 minutes to discuss the issues.

READING

Task 3. Read this extract, ignoring the gaps, about Chinese plans to improve the ecological situation in their region.

CHINA PLAN TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT

China plans to spend 1.4 trillion yuan ($175bn) over the next five years on protecting its environment.

The sum - equivalent to 1.5% of China's __1__ economic output - will be used to improve water ___2__, and cut air and land pollution and soil ___3___.

China has some of the world's most ___4___ cities and waterways. Beijing has often overlooked protecting the environment in the rush to develop its economy - but now it is paying the price, a BBC correspondent says.

A chemical spill in a river near the city of Harbin last year drew international ___5___, as water ___6___ to almost four million people had to be suspended for nearly a week.

Under the plan, sewage treatment plants will be built in 10 river ___7___ to ___8___ the harmful impact of waste water from cities. Money will also be spent on cutting ___9___ of sulphur dioxide and ___10___ in large cities.

The state-owned Xinhua news agency said money would be used to curb soil pollution, which has contaminated agricultural produce. The agency quoted Zhou Shengxian, director of the State Environmental Protection Administration, as saying that every year 12 million metric tonnes of ___11___ were polluted by heavy ___12___ that had found their way into the soil.

(from BBCNews.com)

Task 4. For questions 1-12, think of the word which best fits each space. Use the words given below. You may use each word only once.

a. erosion b. attention c. annual d. valleys e. quality f. reduce

g. dust h. levels i. polluted j. grain k. metals l. supplies

Task 5. Answer the following questions.

1. What sum is China going to spend on protecting its environment?

2. How exactly is China going to protect the environment?

3. Why has Beijing often overlooked protecting its environment?

4. What event drew international attention last year?

5. What is the situation with soil pollution and agriculture in China?

WRITING

Task 6. Write a summary of the above text. Try to make it even shorter than the text itself. If necessary, consult Appendix 2 Writing a Summary.

Lesson 4

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

LEAD-IN

Task 1. How do you understand the words ‘green technology’?

Task 2. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Consult the dictionary where necessary.

- recycling

- organic ice-cream

- reusable

- to maximise

- waste

- drought resistant plants

- eco-friendly

READING

Task 3. Read the text.

GREEN DAY

By Dimple Patel, Open Centre Guide

The BBC Leicester Open Centre turned 'green' when it held an environmental conservation day to show people how to care for the environment in simple, fun and practical ways.

It was Environment Day at the BBC Leicester Open Centre on Tuesday 01 August. There was environmentally friendly advice, workshops and even free organic ice-cream! Stuart Brown, a Waste Management Technician, was available to tell people about Leicestershire County Council's recycling initiatives. They are trying to reduce the amount of waste people generate and maximise recycling.

Their schemes include providing free reusable nappies, reusable bags and subsidised composting bins to make it easier for people to do their bit. But how about reusing some of your rubbish instead? With a bit of imagination you could turn it into something new, like a basket or even rope. Clare Bull, a Recycling Community artist, ran a rope-making workshop to show what you can do with all those leftover plastic carrier bags.

Clare's work began with an interest in the aesthetics of using rubbish in artwork. However she soon realised that she was more interested in showing other people the environmental impact of their waste, rather than making art for art's sake.

Eco-house volunteer, Claire Burwell, was also in the Open Centre to give ideas on how to make your home more eco-friendly. The Eco-house encourages people to take away one idea from their visit to use in their own home, such as switching off taps when brushing teeth.

Severn Trent's Water Conservation Manager, Doug Clarke, ran an advice drop-in for people interested in saving water for financial as well as environmental reasons. According to Doug, people in the East Midlands are fortunate because the reservoirs are still full. But if we don't use water wisely, they will soon empty. He says "everybody can play their part, saving a little bit adds up to saving a lot".

Ady Dayman, from the Down to Earth gardening team, was at hand with information on drought resistant plants and tips on how to look after your garden in hot weather. He suggested using Mediterranean plants and water butts to get through the summer months.

(from BBCNews.com)

Task 4. Find information in the text where it is said about:

- recycling rubbish;

- saving water

DISCUSSION

Task 5. In your opinion, are these measures effective? To what extent? Can they be applied in our country and all over the world? Discuss these ideas with your partner.

WRITING

Task 6. Think of some more ways to reduce harmful effects on the environment. Write a composition expressing your ideas of saving the environment.

Lesson 5

FINAL ACTIVITY

PRESENTATION, ON-LINE ACTIVITY

1. Work in groups of 3-4 people. You are to find information about the most urgent ecological issues in the world and possible ways of their solution. While looking for information you are free to use books, articles, internet sites internet sites as well as any other sources.

2. You can use the following sites:

http://www.schoolofwisdom.com/environment/ecoprob.html

http://cesc.montreat.edu/papers/action/Consumption_Of_Land1.htm

http://www.reason.com/news/show/34016.html

http://ecologicalproblems.blogspot.com/

3. Summarize all the information you have found and make a short presentation in front of the class.

Appendix 1

MAKING A PRESENTATION

Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):

	INTRODUCTION	Questions
	BODY
	CONCLUSION
	Questions

As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition:

ü say what you are going to say,

ü say it,

ü then say what you have just said.

In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was.

We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.

Introduction

The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation. This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You should concentrate on getting your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:

1. welcome your audience

2. introduce your subject

3. outline the structure of your presentation

4. give instructions about questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.

Function	Possible language
1. Welcoming your audience	Good morning, ladies and gentlemen Good morning, gentlemen Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman Good afternoon, everybody
2. Introducing your subject	I am going to talk today about... The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...
3. Outlining your structure	To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some recommendations).
4. Giving instructions about questions	Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.

Body

The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident.

The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals.

Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:

ü do not hurry

ü be enthusiastic

ü give time on visuals

ü maintain eye contact

ü modulate your voice

ü look friendly

ü keep to your structure

ü use your notes

ü signpost throughout

ü remain polite when dealing with difficult questions

Conclusion

Use the conclusion to:

1. Sum up

2. (Give recommendations if appropriate)

3. Thank your audience

4. Invite questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.

Function	Possible language
1. Summing up	To conclude,... In conclusion,... Now, to sum up... So let me summarise/recap what I've said. Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered.
2. Giving recommendations	In conclusion, my recommendations are... I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.
3. Thanking your audience	Many thanks for your attention. May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.
4. Inviting questions	Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have. Can I answer any questions? Are there any questions? Do you have any questions? Are there any final questions?

Questions

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.

(from http://www.englishclub.com/business-english/presentations-pres.htm)

Appendix 2

Дата добавления: 2015-10-23