Реферирование научной статьи

Реферирование есть краткое изложение основного содержания текста. При составлении реферата информацию статьи сокращают так, чтобы реферат содержал все её основные положения, изложенные в сжатом виде. Степень сокращения текста зависит от его объёма и информативной ценности (обычно объём реферата составляет 10-25% объёма источника).

Рефераты бывают информативные (содержащие основную информацию в тезисном виде) и индикативные (аннотация).

Составление информативного реферата включает в себя последовательное выполнение следующих операций: осмысление содержания оригинала с помощью перевода (устного или письменного), его анализ и преобразование. При анализе материала необходимо выявить основную информацию, которую следует включить в реферат, и отбросить дополнительную, не имеющую особого значения или повторяющуюся информацию. Отобранный материал излагается как единое целое.

Удобно работать над текстом по абзацам. В каждом абзаце надо выделить опорные фрагменты - ключевые слова и словосочетания (т.е. те, опираясь на которые можно вспомнить, о чём идёт речь), и предложения, выражающие основную мысль, - и записать их.

Информативный реферат состоит из 1) заголовка (название реферируемой работы по-русски и по-английски, её авторы, выходные данные по-английски), 2) основного содержания, изложенного кратко, с выводами и 3) справочной части, где указывается количество иллюстраций, таблиц и количество наименований использованной автором литературы. (Здесь также приводятся примечания автора реферата, если они есть, и его имя).

Аннотация - это предельно сжатая общая характеристика содержания текста, излагаемая в виде перечня основных проблем. Она лишь сообщает о наличии в реферируемой работе материала на определённую тему. Прочитав аннотацию, специалист решает, представляет ли для него интерес данная статья. Объём аннотации в среднем составляет до 500 печатных знаков (несколько предложений).

Составьте информативный реферат к данной ниже статье на русском языке. Выпишите ключевые слова. Составьте аннотацию на русском и английском языках.

AN UNUSUALLY EARLY ADDER BITE

The United Kingdom possesses only one naturally occurring venomous snake, the adder "Vipera berus". The reptile, in common with many others, remains in its hibemaculum throughout the coldest months of the year and is rarely seen in the period extending from the middle of October to the end of March. The adder is not naturally aggressive and the majority of people who are bitten appear to have made ill-advised attempts to pick it up. Some 62% of adder bites occur in June, July and August. Bites occurring in March are exceedingly rare and the literature contains only three previous references. In each instance the bite is recorded as having occurred during March, but no date is given. We now report a case of envenomation by an adder, which occurred in the morning on Saturday, March 4 and appears to be the earliest recorded bite by this reptile.

Case report.

The patient involved was a 12-year-old boy who whilst walking in a field near his home in South Devon, noticed a snake and picked it up. He was promptly bitten on his right index finger, immediately dropped the reptile and returned home, and was subsequently rushed to the Accident Department by his parents.

On admission it was noticed that he was extremely apprehensive, had vomited on several occasions, and was feeling nauseated. His blood pressure was 95/60mmHg, with a regular pulse rate of 96 per minute. His ECG was normal. There were two small puncture wounds on his right index finger which was markedly swollen and bruised. The swelling extended to include his right hand and forearm, with tenderness up to the axilla. The only relevant past history was of a febrile convulsion as an infant after a first course of triple vaccine; because of this he had not received any further immunization.

His nausea was controlled by 25mg of chlorpromazine intramuscularly, after which he was given lOOmg of hydrocortisone and 5mg of chlorpheniremine maleate intravenously, with 0,5mg of tetanus toxoid intramuscularly; the latter was preceded by a test dose to which he did not react. Oral penicillin V was started, together with l0 mg of prednisone and 4mg of Pirition thrice daily. At this stage the use of Zagreb antivenom was considered but it was not felt to be indicated immediately and was withheld pending further observation.

The child was admitted to the pediatric ward and, over the next 24 hours, his general symptoms disappeared, although his right hand and arm remained painful. Over the next four days there was improvement in the arm, With subsidence of the swelling and recovery of a full range of pain-free movement. The steroids were therefore reduced and then finally stopped, and on March 9 he was considered fit for discharge.

Comment.

This case differs from the majority of adder bites in that it occurred at a time when the reptile might still be hibernating. Theoretically, a bite occurring so early in the year, presumably shortly after the reptile's awakening from hibernation, might be expected to be particularly serious as its venom sacs are likely to be fully charged. This patient's symptoms, however, were not unduly severe.

Zagreb antivenom, which is both safe and effective, was considered in this case. Initially, however, there was some concern about the production of side effects as the child had apparently previously reacted to triple vaccine. As both the local and systemic effects responded satisfactorily to symptomatic therapy it was felt that the use of the antivenom was unnecessary in this particular instance.

.

PART III

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO BE USED IN ROLE PLAY

From CHILD HEALTH Questions You May Ask

What should be done if a child falls from a height?

If a child falls from a height first thing you should do is to see whether he gets up on his own and comes to you crying or if he has got superficial injury and cries for a while. In both these situations there may not be much damage. But if a child lies there without wanting to get up or becomes unconscious, then it is serious. I am afraid you will have to consult your doctor. If there is an injury do not massage it. You could do a lot of damage by massaging and setting it in the wrong direction.

If a child gets burnt with hot water, what can be applied before he is seen by the doctor?

The degree of the burn will decide the nature of the treatment. If there is some redness of the skin no treatment is required. But if the redness is pronounced and becomes more than a slight patch, it may lead to vesication and finally it may cause an open wound. In such case nothing is applied on the wound, the clothes are removed so that they do not rub against it or get stuck to it. If some material has stuck, do not try to remove it forcibly, take the child to the hospital at the earliest possible. Again in the case of burns, the damage is done not only by the bum wound itself, but also by the fluid loss from the burns. It is very necessary that the infection of the wound be avoided. So dirty clothes should not get into the wound and medical attention should be sought at the earliest.

In case of an ordinary burn, if cold water is applied immediately it may prevent vesication and is soothing as well. So ordinary cold water is the best first aid one can use.

If a child swallows a fish bone or a pin, what should be done?

Any obstruction, whether by a fish bone or by a pin or any other article, will make the child choke if it is in his respiratory passage. If it comes down through the food pipe it may be passed out in the stool. But in case of choking at times the calamity may be avoided by putting the child upside down. It is a very serious condition. Call the doctor at once.

What would you advise in case of an animal bite?

If the bite is by a small insect, then there may be swelling of the affected part which will subside on its own, in a few days time. But if it is superficial and causes cosmetic or other worries then you may ask your doctor, and he will give you an anti-allergic drug for the swelling to subside.

But if the bite is by a snake, then I would suggest you to take the child immediately to your local doctor for observation. If the bite is on the arm or the leg, it is advisable to tie a tight bandage above the wound and take the patient to the hospital as soon as possible. Besides it is necessary to kill the snake and take it along so that the doctor can decide if it was poisonous or not.

If the bite is by a dog it will have to be observed. If the dog is alive nothing should be done. If the dog dies within ten days I am afraid you will have to give the child a whole course of anti-rabic injections, If the bite is by a stray dog or if you could not keep the dog under observation for ten days, it will have to be treated like the bite of a rabid dog.

As far as the local wound is concerned it needs to be cleaned with some antiseptic solution after being washed with soap and water. Any antiseptic solution which you may have ready at home could be used.

What is food poisoning? How do you know it?

Food poisoning means that the child has taken food, which is infected and will lead to diarrhea and/ or vomiting. Any child who becomes sick after eating something and has diarrhea or vomiting should be suspected of food poisoning. This needs treatment in a hospital, as it could be serious.

Please tell us what should be done when a child falls down and has cuts and bruises.

If a child does not fall, he will never grow up, and if he falls it's natural to get cuts and bruises. If a child has bruises, I would suggest you press them with ice or cold water, with this the pain will be less and the bruise will become localized. If he gets a cut from which there is some oozing of blood, it is again necessary to apply ice on top. With this the oozing will stop and so will the pain. Even if there is a lot of bleeding, it is advisable to tie a tight bandage two inches above the wound if it happens to be on the limbs. This bandage should not be kept for more than 10 to 15 minutes, and the child should be taken to the doctor. For minor cuts, I would advise you to wash them with soap and water and apply some ice to reduce the pain and bleeding.

If a child puts a pin in his ear or has an insect in the ear, what should be done?

Pin in the ear is a serious problem. I will not advise you to put anything in the ear to take it out. Any attempt on your part to remove it may push it further inside and perforate the eardrum. So take him to the doctor who can remove it with care.

In case of a small insect getting into the ear, put any oil into the ear so that the insect dies, and when the child inverts his ear, the insect come out. Sometimes the insect may be dead and stuck up inside the ear. Take the child to the doctor for getting it out. Please do not try to remove the insect yourself with a pin etc.

If a child swallows sleeping-pills, what is to be done?

Sleeping-pills are dangerous. They depress the respiration. Hence if you can make the child vomit, make him do so and then take him to the hospital at the earliest so that his respiration can be watched and treated.

If a child swallows strong alkali or acid, what is to be done?

Strong acids and alkali are dangerous and the only thing you can do at home is to avoid vomiting. Take the child to hospital as fast as possible. If you have vinegar at home, you can give a teaspoon in alkali poisoning. With acid poisoning a teaspoon of baking soda can be given, but in both these conditions the child must be taken to the hospital immediately.

If a child swallows aspirin, what is to be done?

Aspirin is a dangerous drug. I suggest you make the child vomit as quickly as possible and take him to the hospital at the earliest possible. Let the doctor decide the line of treatment.

Could you tell us some more about drug poisoning in general?

Lots of the drugs which are stored at home like pain-relievers or sedatives, are used by the family frequently. These are the drugs which the child may swallow. With all these drugs, unless they are strong acids or alkali, it will be advisable to make the child vomit and take him to the hospital at the earliest possible so that the child can be seen and advised in regard to that particular poisoning. All the drugs should be kept locked up and out of the reach of the child. Many of these accidents happen because of the carelessness of the adults and can be prevented.

If a child swallows soap or alcohol, what should be done?

If a child takes in some soap, it is a mild alkali and hence if you have some vinegar at home, make him drink it with some water, otherwise nothing needs to be done. If the quantity is large, the child will vomit it himself.

If he swallows some alcohol, a small amount will make him very active, and nothing needs to be done, since this stage will pass off and the child will sleep after this. If it is a large quantity, the child will either vomit it out himself or you can make him vomit, and then let him sleep it off.

2. First fill in the gaps with: must, should, must have, should have, could, will have to, then play the parts of the doctor and the patient:

At about 2 o'clock on a cold winter night a man telephoned a doctor and asked him if he... come at once. "You... hurry", he added. The doctor drove seven miles in answer to this call. When he reached the place the man who had called him in said, "Doc, I... overtired myself. I have not got any pain, but I have a terrible feeling that I... die soon". The doctor examined his patient, felt his pulse and took his temperature. "Have you made your will*?" he asked. "Why, no, Doctor» the man looked frightened. "You... done it long ago'" said the doctor. "Have you got a family?" "Yes," said the patient. "You must send for them immediately, and your parents... be called, too." "I say, Doc, do you think I'm going to die?" "No, I don't," responded the doctor, "but I don't want to be the only man you have made a fool of on the night like this". *will - завещание

SOME ADVICE ON FIRST AID IN AN EMERGENCY

CHOKING

A foreign object sticking at the back of the throat may cither block the throat, or induce muscular spasm. This is known as choking. Adults may choke on a piece of food that has been inadequately chewed and hurriedly swallowed. Young children like putting objects inside their mouths; boiled sweets are a particular danger.

RECOGNITION There will be:

• Difficulty in speaking and breathing. There maybe:

• Blueness of the skin (cyanosis).

• Signs from the casualty - pointing to the throat, or grasping the neck.

TREATMENT

YOUR AIM IS:

• To remove the obstruction and restore normal breathing.

FOR AN ADULT

1 Reassure the casualty. Bend her forwards so that her head is lower than her chest.

2, Give up to five sharp blows to her back, between the shoulderblades, with the flat of your hand.

3. If backslaps fail, try abdominal thrusts. The sudden pull up against the diaphragm compresses the chest, and may expel the obstruction.

IF this does not free the blockage, try again four times, then alternate five back blows with five thrusts.

IF the casualty becomes unconscious, treat as described opposite.

FOR A CHILD

Place the child over your knee, head down. Slap him between the shoulder-blades, using less force than for an adult.

IF back blows fail, use the abdominal thrust only if you have been trained to do so on a child. Otherwise begin resuscitation.

FOR A BABY

Lay the baby along your forearm. Slap her between the shoulder blades, using less force than for a child.

IF the baby becomes unconscious, begin resuscitation.

DO NOT use the abdominal thrust.

FOR A CASUALTY WHO BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS

1. Loss of consciousness may relieve muscle spasm, so check first to see if the casualty can now breathe. If not, turn her on her side and give 4-5 blows between her shoulder blades.

2. If back blows fail, kneel astride the casualty, and perform abdominal thrusts.

Put the heel of one hand below the ribcage, and cover it with the other hand. Press sharply inwards and upwards up to five times.

IF she starts to breathe normally, place her in the recovery position and call an ambulance. Check and record breathing and pulse rate every 10 minutes.

IF she does not start tobreathe again, dial 999 for an ambulance and start resuscitation

FEVER

A sustained body temperature above the normal level of 37"C (9§.6°F) is known as fever, and is usually, though not always, caused by infection (by bacteria or viruses). Conditions associated with a high temperature include influenza ('flu), chicken pox, measles, meningitis, and local infections (for example, an abscess).

When to call a doctor A moderate fever is not harmful, but a temperature of above 40 C (102°F) can be dangerous, and may trigger fits in infants and young children. Call a doctor, even if only for advice, if in doubt about the casualty's condition.

RECOGNITION

There will be:

• Raised under-the-tongue temperature. In the early stages, there may be:

• Pallor.

• A "chilled" feeling - goose pimples, shivering, and chattering teeth. As the fever advances there may be:

• Hot, flushed skin, and sweating.

• Headache.

• Generalized "aches and pains".

• Raised armpit temperature

TREATMENT

YOUR AIMS ARE:

• To make the casualty comfortable.

• To bring down the fever.

To seek medical aid, if necessary.

1. Make the casualty comfortable in surroundings that are evenly warm, preferably in bed, and let her rest.

If the fever is very high, or if the casualty is a young child, cool by sponging with tepid water.

2. Give the casualty plenty of bland fluids to drink. A small "hot toddy" may comfort an adult and may induce restful sleep. Give no more than one double measure of spirits.

3. An adult may take two paracetamol tablets. A child may be given the recommended dose of paracetamol syrup (not aspirin), and should be sponged with tepid water to lower the temperature.

HEADACHE

A headache may accompany any illness, particularly a feverish ailment such as 'flu, but may be the most prominent symptom of some serious condition (for example, meningitis or stroke). Mild "poisoning" by a stuffy or fume-filled atmosphere, or by unwise consumption of alcohol or other drugs, can induce a headache in an otherwise healthy person. Headaches may develop for no apparent reason, but can often be traced to tiredness, nervous tension, stress or emotional upset, or undue heat or cold.

TREATMENT

YOUR AIMS ARE:

• To relieve the pain.

• To seek medical aid if necessary.

1. Help the casualty to sit or lie down comfortably in a quiet place.

2. If possible, deal with any likely cause of the headache, such as loud noise, bright light, or lack of fresh air.

Headaches range from constant low-grade discomfort to "blinding" pain that is completely incapacitating.

When to call a doctor

Always seek urgent advice if the pain:

• Develops very suddenly.

• Is severe and incapacitating.

• Is recurrent or persistent.

• Is accompanied by impaired consciousness, or loss of power or sensation. • Is accompanied by a stiff neck.

• Follows a head injury

Migraine

Many people are prone to these severe, "sickening" headaches. They can be triggered by a variety of causes. Migraine sufferers usually recognise, and know best how to deal with, an attack. They may carry special medicines.

RECOGNITION Migraines usually follow a pattern:

• There may be a warning period with disturbance of vision, in the form of flickering lights and/or a "blind patch".

• An intense throbbing headache, which may be one-sided, may develop.

• There may be discomfort in the upper abdomen, nausea, and vomiting.

• The casualty cannot tolerate any bright light or loud noise.

TREATMENT

What you can do

Treatment is as for any headache, but help the casualty to take any special medication he or she may have (tablets or nasal sprays) and provide towels and a container in case he or she is sick.

3. An adult may take two paracetamol tablets, or her own painkillers

IF the pain does not ease within two hours, or if you are worried about the casualty's condition, call a doctor.

HOUSEHOLD POISONS

Almost every household contains poisonous substances, such as bleach, paint stripper, glue, paraffin, and weedkiller, which can be spilled, causing chemical bums, or swallowed. Children in particular are at risk from accidental household poisoning.

Preventing poisoning in the home

• Keep dangerous chemicals out of children's reach (not under the sink).

• Keep medicines in a locked cupboard.

• Leave poisonous household substances in their original containers - never put them in old soft-drinks bottles.

• Buy medicines and household substances in tamper-proof containers.

TREATMENT

YOUR AIMS ARE:

• To maintain airway, breathing, and circulation.

• To obtain medical aid.

• To identify the poison.

FOR CHEMICALS ON THE SKIN

1. Wash away any residual chemicalon the skin with plenty of water. Make sure the water drains away from the casualty.

DO NOT contaminate yourself with the dangerous chemical or the rinsing water. 2. Use your judgement to call a doctor or dial 999 for an ambulance. Give information about the spilled chemical

FOR SWALLOWED POISONS

1.Check and, if necessary, clear the airway.

The recovery position lessens the risk of vomiting.

IF the casualty is unconscious, check breathing and pulse, and be prepared to resuscitate. If artificial ventilation is necessary, a plastic face shield will protect you if there is burning around the mouth. Place the casualty in the recovery position; she may well vomit.

DO NOT try to induce vomiting.

2. Use your judgement to call a doctor or dial 999 for an ambulance. Give information about the swallowed poison.

IF a conscious casualty's lips are burned by corrosive substances, give her frequent sips of cold water or milk.

ALCOHOL POISONING

Alcohol (ethanol) is a drug that depresses the activity of the central nervous system. Small quantities generally produce only a slight change of mood. Prolonged intake can result in all physical and mental abilities becoming severely impaired, and deep unconsciousness can ensue.

Dangers of alcohol poisoning

• An unconscious casualty is in danger of inhaling and choking on vomit.

• Because alcohol dilates the blood vessels, hypothermia may develop if the casualty is exposed to the cold.

• A casualty with head injuries who smells of alcohol may be misdiagnosed.

RECOGNITION

There may be:

• A strong smell of alcohol.

• Unconsciousness. The casualty may be reusable, but will quickly relapse.

• A flushed and moist face.

• Deep, noisy breathing.

• A full, bounding pulse.

In the later stages of unconsciousness:

• A dry, bloated appearance to the face.

• Shallow breathing.

• Dilated pupils that react poorly to light.

• A weak, rapid pulse

TREATMENT

YOUR AIMS ARE:

• To maintain an open airway.

• To seek appropriate medical attention.

1. Check the casualty's level of response. Carefully shake his shoulders and shout at him to see if he responds. Shake and shout^ “Can you hear me?” or “Open your eyes!”

IF the casualty is unresponsive, check breathing and pulse, and be prepared to resuscitate if necessary. Place him in the recovery position.

2. Use your judgement to call a doctor or dial 999 for an ambulance.

3. Protect the casualty from the cold; insulate him from the ground, and cover with a coat or blanket.

POISONOUS PLANTS

Although there are relatively few poisonous plants in the United Kingdom, they can cause serious illness if eaten. Young children are most at risk, as they are

attracted to brightly coloured berries and seeds, and are liable to eat them.

PLANTS THAT ARE POISONOUS IF SWALLOWED: mushrooms (death cap, brown roll rim, spotted fly agaric, Cortinarius speciosissimus (often mistaken for the edible chanterelle); seeds, bulbs, and rhizomes (Laburnum, Lupin, Daffodil, Iris); berries (deadly nightshade, holly, laurel, mistletoe, yew, wild arum (lords-and-ladies).

TREATMENT

YOUR AIMS ARE:

• To maintain airway, breathing, and circulation.

• To obtain medical aid.

DO NOT try to induce vomiting. It is often ineffective, and may harm the casualty further.

I. Check and, if necessary, clear the airway.

IF the casualty is unconscious, check breathing and pulse, and be prepared to resuscitate if necessary. Place the casualty in the recovery position: he or she may well vomit.

2. Use your judgement to call a doctor or dial 999 for an ambulance. If in doubt, always call an ambulance.

3. Try to identify the plant, and which part of it has been eaten. Preserve pieces of the plant, and samples of any vomited material, to show the doctor or send with the casualty to hospital.

PART IV

FIRST AID ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Causes of Accidents. Причины несчастных случаев

Verbs

explore (the world) = investigate – исследовать

poison – отравлять

fall (fell, fallen) - падать

break (broke, broken) – ломать, прерывать

injure = hurt – травмировать, ранить

cut – резать, порезать

drown – тонуть

burn – гореть, обжигать

scold - ошпарить

bite – кусать

affect - поражать

scold - ошпарить

affect - поражать

transmit (through) – передавать, переносить (через)

Adjectives&Nouns

sense (of danger) – чувство (опасности)

ordinary = usual = common - обычный

danger(ous) – опасность (опасный)

(exposed electric) cord = wire – (оголенный электр.) провод, шнур

(electric) appliance – (электро)прибор

heater - нагреватель

with bare hands – голыми руками

indoors/outdoors – в помещении\на улице

poison (-ing, -ous) – яд (отравление, ядовитый)

injury = trauma = wound – травма, повреждение, рана

cut - порез

fire – пожар, огонь

burn – ожог

bite – укус

sudden - внезапный

rise (of temperature) – подъем (температуры)

Pronoun

(him)self – сам

Symptoms and Signs. Симптомы и признаки

Verbs

become unconscious потерять сознание, «стать бессознательным»

lose consciousness – терять сознание

beat – бить(ся)

swell (swelled, swollen) – отекать, опухать

bleed – кровоточить

pierce (the skin) – пронзить, прорвать (кожу)

feel dizzy – чувствовать головокружение

vomit - I vomit- у меня рвота

sweat – потеть

behave (in a strange manner) – вести себя (странным образом)

swallow – глотать

appear = seem – выглядеть, казаться

get stuck - застрять

accompany - сопровождать

Adjectives&Nouns

conscious - сознательный

consciousness – сознание, сознательное состояние

(heart) beat – (сердце)биение

breathing = respiration - дыхание

pain, ache – боль

headache – головная боль

swelling - опухоль, swollen - опухший

bleeding – кровотечение

weak(ness) – слабый (слабость)

dizziness – головокружение

vomiting - рвота

cool - прохладный

wet - мокрый

sweat – пот

delirious - бредящий

difficulty (in swallowing) – затруднения (при глотании)

foam = froth - пена

convulsion, cramp – судорога, спазм

cramp-like – схваткообразный

severe = bad/mild = slight – сильный, тяжелый\ легкий

diarrhea – поноc

Conjunction

as if – как будто

First Aid Measures (Treatment). Меры первой помощи (Лечение)

Verbs

break the contact (with the current) – прервать контакт (с током)

(re)move – (передвигать, удалять) двигать

push (the child) away from – оттолкнуть (ребенка) прочь от...

conduct – проводить

return – возвращать(ся)

send for a doctor= call a doctor – послать за доктором, вызвать доктора

take to the hospital – отвезти в больницу

immobilize = prevent from moving – предотвратить движение

set the fracture – вправить перелом

X-ray – делать рентген

confirm (a diagnosis) – подтверждать (диагноз)

pad (the limb) – проложить мягкую прокладку (на конечность)

bind (the splint) – привязать (шину)

control=stop bleeding – остановить кровотечение

lie down, make him lie down – лечь, сделать так, чтобы он лег

bring the temperature down – сбить гемпературу

wrap into a wet sheet – завернуть в мокрую простыню

wash thoroughly – промыть тщательно

rinse – полоскать, промыть водой обильно

do stitches, stitch the wound – наложить швы на рану

observe = watch - наблюдать

Adjectives&Nouns

casualty = victim – пострадавший, жертва

movement – движение

wooden stick – деревянная палка

dry surface – сухая поверхность

conductor – проводник

artificial (respiration) – искусственное (дыхание

X-ray – рентген

splint - шина

stiff (material) – жесткий, негнущийся (материал)

(long) enough – достаточно (длинный)

pad – мягкая прокладка

sterile gauze – стерильная марля

clean cloth – чистая ткань

plenty of = a lot of – множество (много)

salt and sugar – соль и сахар

weak/strong tea – слабый\крепкий чай

soap – мыло

stitches – швы

Adverbs

immediately = at once – немедленно, сразу

frequently = often - часто

Conjunctions&Prepositions

while – в то время как, пока

till=until – пока, до тех пор, пока не

as (soon) as possible – как можно (скорее)

above/below – выше\ниже

Prevention of Accidents. Профилактика несчастных случаев

Verbs

experience (the heat) – испытать, почувствовать (горячее, жар)

get experience – получить опыт

protect – защищать

keep away from the baby’s reach – хранить, держать вне досягаемости

allow – позволять, разрешать

avoid – избегать

prepare hygienically – готовить гигиенично

approach, when approached – приближаться, подходить; когда подходит

scream – кричать, визжать

stand still – стоять смирно, неподвижно и тихо

back away – пятиться прочь

Adjectives&Nouns

experience – опыт

protection – защита

bars close enough – прутья решетки (расположены) достаточно близко

overclothing - перекутывание

PART V

CHECK TESTS AND QUESTIONS FOR REVISION

TEST 1.

I. Choose the correct statements and write out their numbers.

1. It's hard to keep a baby under one year of age safe.

2. Ordinary things become dangerous when the child reaches the age of two.

3. Never let a child touch a hot teapot.

4. Rabies is transmitted through animal bites or licks.

5. If the dog appears healthy for 4 days after the bite the anti-rabic treatment can be stopped.

6. You can break the child's contact with the electric current with your hands.

7. If the child has stopped breathing you should begin cardiac massage.

8. In case of fracture there may not be a deformity.

9. The injured part should be prevented from moving.

10. When a child develops sun stroke he sweats profusely.

11. In sun stroke the child's skin is hot and dry.

12. You can put out the fire by rolling the casualty in a blanket.

13. All food must be as fresh as possible, especially in summer.

14. If vomiting is severe it is enough to give the child some weak tea in sips.

15. To avoid poisoning you must free your food from all the bacteria.

16. Food poisoning can make you feel a bit unwell or seriously ill, it can also cause death.

17. Never leave a child near a heater.

18. Drugs should be locked up out of the child's reach.

II. Among the words in the line find two with the same meaning:

l.a)rapidly b)frequently c)quickly d)weakly e)completely 2. a)heat b)loss c)number d)amount e)sweat

III. Choose the right word to fill in the gap:

1. Some food becomes...

2. Accidents must be...

3. Minor hurts... a child's life.

4. Electric shock... touching an exposed wire.

a)harmless b)poisonous c)prevented d)protected e)results in f)results from g)accompany h)break

TEST 2.

I. Choose the correct statements and write out their numbers:

1. More children die from accidents than from other causes.

2. Infectious diseases kill more children than poisons.

3. As a result of electric shock the child may stop breathing.

4. The child's contact with the exposed electric wire should be broken.

5. You may give the child water to drink before the anesthesia.

6. An X-ray is necessary to confirm the fracture.

7. It is not necessary to add salt to the child's drink in case of sun stroke

8. To prevent sun stroke the child should never play in the sun.

9. In an accident first of all you should see that there is no obstruction to breathing.

10. It is recommended to put the casualty on his back in any accident.

11. Germs multiply rapidly in a refrigerator.

12. Food poisoning may be caused by germs or poisonous mushrooms.

13. To minimize the risk of getting ill you must prevent bacteria from growing.

14. A rabid dog is never quiet.

15. Accidents are a part of growing up

16. It is always good to remind your child to be always careful.

17. If the child's heart stopped beating you must start artificial respiration.

18. Immobilization prevents pain and further damage of the soft tissues.

II. Among the words in the line find two with the same meaning:

l.a)dizziness b)vomiting c)respiration d)perspiration e)breathing 2. a)wire b)cord c)heater d)object e)switch

III. Choose the right word to fill in the gap:

1. Rabies is... by a virus.

2. You should... all the medicine locked up in a cupboard.

3. Small objects like coins, buttons are... for small children.

4. You can remove the wire with...

a)protected b)caused c)bare hands d)a wooden stick e)keep f)hold g)poisonous h)dangerous

TEST 3..

I. Choose the correct statements and write out their numbers:

1. All wounds made by a rabid dog must be treated with anti-rabic vaccine.

2. Fridges(refrigerators) can kill bacteria.

3. Fridges can slow the growth of most common bacteria.

4. Avoid eating inside the home as much as possible.

5. A tourniquet may be left for more than an hour.

6. Bleeding can be stopped by pressing with a clean cloth.

7. Overclothing should be avoided.

8. To bring the temperature down the child should be wrapped in a wet sheet.

9. A sudden rise of the body temperature may result in a heat stroke.

10. The injured part should be immobilized.

11. You may use only a ready-made splint to immobilize it.

12. A compound fracture is less serious than a simple fracture.

13. In a compound fracture the broken bone has pierced the skin.

14. Sterile gauze should be placed on the wound to prevent infection.

15. Children can be allowed to play with plastic bags on their heads.

16. Minor hurts in children can be avoided.

17. Minor hurts are a part of children's education.

18. If you have a scratch on the skin even a lick of a rabid dog will transmit rabies.

II. Among the words in the line choose two with the same meaning:

1. a)hard b)safe c)common d)difficult e)thorough

2. a)poison b)medicine c)drug d)death e)injury

III. Choose the right word to fill in the gap:

1. You must bind the splint... the fracture.

2. It is necessary to... with pressure.

3. When the child plays in the sun for a long time he may...

4. Eating the food which is not fresh may cause...

a)below and above b)inside and outside c)protect the wound d)control bleeding e)develop a convulsion f)sweat profusely g)cramp-like pains in the abdomen h)severe swelling

QUESTIONS FOR REVISION Revise the information on Choking, Fever, Headache, Poisoning. The questions below will help you:

Choking

1. What is choking?

2. What can cause choking?

3. How can I know the person is choking?

4. What is the danger of choking?

5. What should I do if somebody is choking?

Fever

1. What is called fever?

2. What can cause fever?

3. How can a feverish person look? How can I know the person has fever?

4. When and why can fever be dangerous?

5. What must I do if my child or somebody else in the family has fever?

6. Should I bring the temperature down and how can I do it?

Headache

1. What can cause headache? Is headache always associated with high fever?

2. When shall I consult the doctor?

3. What should I do to relieve the pain?

4. Shall I take any medicine?

5. How can I know the person has a migraine attack?

6. How can I help in a migraine attack?

Poisoning

1. What can cause poisoning?

2. How do poisons enter the body?

3. How do poisons harm the body?

4. What should be done to avoid poisoning at home?

5. What are the dangers of alcohol poisoning?

6. How can we help in alcohol poisoning?

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

I. Тексты для обсуждения и пересказа..................................................................3

1. Accidents........................................................................................................................3

2. Prevention of Accidents.................................................................................................5

3. Electric Shock................................................................................................................6

4. Fracture........................................................................................................................9

5. Sun Stroke and Heat Stroke.........................................................................................10

6. Rabies...........................................................................................................................11

7. Food Poisoning............................................................................................................13

II. Тексты для самостоятельного чтения, перевода и реферирования.........................14

1. First Aid in Accidents..................................................................................................14

2. Prevention of Food Poisoning......................................................................................15

3. Aggressive Dogs Get Ever More Dangerous...............................................................17

In Case of Emergency.............................................................................................................19

1. Bleeding.......................................................................................................................19

2. Choking........................................................................................................................19

3. Drowning.....................................................................................................................20

4. Allergic Respiratory Swelling.....................................................................................20

5. Shock...........................................................................................................................21

6. Fainting........................................................................................................................21

7. Poisoning.....................................................................................................................21

8. Fever............................................................................................................................22

9. Sunstroke.....................................................................................................................23

10. Heat Prostration.........................................................................................................24

11. Sprains.......................................................................................................................24

12. Wounds......................................................................................................................24

13. Scratches and Abrasions............................................................................................25

14. Insect Stings...............................................................................................................27

From Dictionary of Medical Folklore...................................................................................26

1. Dog Bites.....................................................................................................................26

2. Snakebite......................................................................................................................27

3. Food Poisoning............................................................................................................27

4. Poisoning, Antidotes For.............................................................................................28

5. Poison Ivy....................................................................................................................28

6. Headache......................................................................................................................29

7. Fever............................................................................................................................29

8. Choking...............................................................................................29

9. Drowning.........................................................................................29

Реферирование научной статьи: An Unusually Early Adder Bite...............................30

Brazilian Institute Has the Antidote...................................................................32

Adult TOXOCARA CATI Infections In U.S. Children: Report Of Two Cases...............32

Дата добавления: 2015-10-24