External links

* [http://corpus.byu.edu/ Freely-available, web-based corpora (100 million - 360 million words each): American, British (BNC), TIME, Spanish, Portuguese]
*
* [http://www.clres.com/corp.html ACL SIGLEX Resource Links: Text Corpora]
* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/files/morpheme.html The Leipzig Glossing Rules]: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses
* [http://www.ahds.ac.uk/linguistic-corpora Developing Linguistic Corpora: a Guide to Good Practice]

Concordance (publishing)

A concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, with their immediate contexts. Because of the time and difficulty and expense involved in creating a concordance in the pre-computer era, only works of special importance, such as the Vedas,^[1] Bible, Qur'an or the works of Shakespeare, had concordances prepared for them.

Mordecai Nathan's Hebrew-Latin Concordance of the bible

Even with the use of computers, producing a concordance (whether on paper or in a computer) may require much manual work, because they often include additional material, including commentary on, or definitions of, the indexed words, and topical cross-indexing that is not yet possible with computer-generated and computerized concordances.

However, when the text of a work is on a computer, a search function can carry out the basic task of a concordance, and is in some respects even more versatile than one on paper.

A bilingual concordance is a concordance based on aligned parallel text.

A topical concordance is a list of subjects that a book (usually The Bible) covers, with the immediate context of the coverage of those subjects. Unlike a traditional concordance, the indexed word does not have to appear in the verse. The most well known topical concordance is Nave's Topical Bible.

The first concordance, to the Vulgate Bible, was compiled by Hugh of St Cher (d.1262), who employed 500 monks to assist him. In 1448 Rabbi Mordecai Nathan completed a concordance to the Hebrew Bible. It took him ten years. 1599 saw a concordance to the Greek New Testament published by Henry Stephens and the Septuagint was done a couple of years later by Conrad Kircher in 1602. The first concordance to the English bible was published in 1550 by Mr Marbeck, according to Cruden it did not employ the verse numbers devised by Robert Stephens in 1545 but "the pretty large concordance" of Mr Cotton did. Then followed Cruden's Concordance and Strong's Concordance.

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