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| on (upon) after before by through because of without in spite of despite instead of at | doing smth |
e.g. She locked the door before going to bed.
He left without saying good-bye.
Before going to the station I had to telephone my office on business.
In spite of being ill, he came to the final discussion.
She frightened her father by bursting into tears.
The Gerundial Complex
The Gerund can have a subject of its own different from that of the sentence. In this case the Gerund and its subject form a construction called the Gerundial Complex. The relations between the elements of the complex are predicative. The first element of the complex may be expressed in a number of ways: by a noun in the common case, a noun in the possessive case, a pronoun in the objective case, a possessive pronoun.
| boy’s boy my me | doing smth being done |
The Gerundial complex has practically the same syntactical functions as the gerund.
Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
The Subject
| It | is was | no use useless no good | Smb’s doing smth | ||
| Smb’s doing smth | does smth did smth will do smth would do smth | ||||
e.g. It is useless your going there immediately.
His saying this made all the difference.
His being a foreigner and an ex-enemy was bad enough.
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| The Direct Object | | | The Predicative |