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The Reconstruction.

European colonization of North America (Spanish, Dutch, French territories in North America). | The War of Independence, its reasons and consequences. | The Civil War- 1861-1865 | The USA after World War 2. | The American Constitution, the Bill of Rights, the most Important Amendments. | The House of Representatives. | Regional division of the USA. (Economic regions) | The North-East (general characteristics, major cities). | The Middle West. | The Pacific Coast, |


The characteristic feature of the US in the 2d part of the 19century was a rapid economic growth which made the US the most powerful nation in the world.It was a direct result of the Civil War which abolished slavery, broke the political power of the southern planters & openned the way for a free capitolist development of all the states. The 12 years that followed the Civil War 1865-1877 r called the period of Reconstruction. During this period the south was occupied by the N troops & democracy made some real progress. The blacks were given the right to vote, & a number of them were elected to the US Congress, & to various state legislatures in the S. Even a certain amount of land reform was carried out.

The Reconstruction policy was adopted for 2 reasons:

Many southerners refused to cooperate with new elected bodies & in 1886 the defeated S planters founded a secret organisation the Ku-Klux-Klan. It was an instrument of terror against the newly freed slaves.

By 1887 the N troops were withdrawn from the S & it gave the Ku-Klux-Klan 7 other anti-black elements a free hand in terrorizing the black population.

The Democratic Laws passed during the Reconstruction were repealled. Black members were forced out of Congress & state legistatures, & the black were forced into the system of sharecropping.

Sharecropping is a semi-feudal form of tenant farming. The plantations were owned by white planters & a large share of crops raised by the tenants belonged to the planter. Sharecropping was introduced after the Civil War as a specific form of economic dependence of the freed blacks on the whites.

In 1867 the US bought Alaska from Russia. In 1869 the 1st transcontinental railway was completed, it openned the way to a colonization & economic expluotation of the West. Over 20 mln immigrants entered the Us btw 1870-1910. Many of them were highly skilled workers. A lot of industrial centres grew in that time. Mechanical means of transport were availuable, the agriculture & mineral resources provided the country with food & row materials for industry.

Owing to this exeptionally fabarable conditions the economic growth in the period was extremely rapid by 1890 the US surfast Britain & became the leading world power. By 1900 the US output exceeded that of Britain & Germany combined. Imperialism in the US had reached the highest stage. This was accomponied by futher territorial expention.

Btw 1889-1898 the US occupied Samoa, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Phillippines. Though cuba was formally independent it was under the US onfluence.

 


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