To deal with the author’s claims

The author / the article

alleges / argues / asserts / claims / concludes / contends / holds / hypothesizes / implies / infers / insinuates / postulates / reasons / speculates / maintains / surmises

To deal with the author’s opinion:

The author / the article

· accepts / takes / adopts the view that... · assumes / presumes that... · considers / finds / takes the problem to be... · defines / sees / views / regards the problem as... · looks on the problem as... · puts forward the suggestion

If the author’s agrees with something:

The author / the article

· admits the inconsistency/ acknowledges the limitations/ recognizes the importance · agrees with / shares the view that... · agrees / concedes / concurs that...

If the author’s disagrees with something:

The author / the article

· challenges / criticizes / discounts / disputes / questions / doubts / refutes / rejects / rebuffs the view that... · disagrees with the view that... · disapproves of...

To provide logical transition from one author’s idea to another:

The author

· begins by explaining how... · then focuses on … · in the next paragraph of the article encourages the reader to … · through a series of steps gives the reader the idea of …

To conclude the summary:

· The author concludes the article with … · By way of conclusion, the author provides … · To conclude / In conclusion the author says / shows · To sum up, the author points out that … · In spite of the arguments in favour of …, the author concludes the article saying that…

Coherence and Cohesion

Coherence means that all the information in your summary is well-organized and easy to follow. It means that all the sentences in each paragraph are logically ordered and so are all the paragraphs in the summary. This is accomplished by means of c ohesion, that is:

· by transition words and phrases, the so-called ‘linking devices’;

· by repetition of key words and phrases (often from the topic sentence);

· by parallel grammatical structures;

· by some other linguistic means

Linking devices (= linking expressions = linking words = transitional devices) are used to link thoughts and ideas together. They show the logical relationship between parts of composite sentences, sentences in a paragraph or paragraphs in a text. Usually linking devices are punctuated with commas, especially if they stand at the beginning of the sentence, e.g.

• In my view, the country needs a change of government.
• Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.

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