Printing material. Printing ink

a) Printing processes involve the application of a thin film of functional material to a substrate, such as paper, fabric, film, foil or sheet stock. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. Paper is a versatile material with many uses. Fabric refers to any material made through weaving, knitting, crocheting or bonding. It is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibers often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw wool fibers, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands. Foil is a thin sheet of metal. Foil stamping is a printmaking technique, typically a commercial print process, the application of pigment or metallic foil, often gold or silver. It can also be what is known as pastel foil which is a flat opaque color or white special film-backed material, to paper where a heated die is stamped onto the foil, making it adhere to the surface leaving the design of the die on the paper. Foil stamping can be combined with embossing to create a more striking 3D image. Sheet stock is a paper stock that is thicker and more durable than normal writing or printing paper, but thinner and more flexible than other forms of paperboard. Sheet stock is often used for postcards, playing cards, catalog covers, scrap booking, and other uses which require higher durability than regular paper. The texture is usually smooth, but can be textured, metallic, or glossy.

b) Ink is a liquid containing various pigments and dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Inks in paste form are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing. Ink is a complex medium composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, surfactants, particulate matter, fluoresces, and other materials. The components of ink serve many purposes: the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other additives are used to control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. There are many types of paste inks available for employment in offset lithographic printing and each have their own advantages and disadvantages. These include heat-set, cold-set, and energy-curable (or EC), such as ultraviolet- (or UV-) curable, and electron beam- (or EB-) curable. Heat-set inks are the most common variety and are "set" by applying heat and then rapid cooling to catalyze the curing process. They are used in magazines, catalogs, and inserts. Cold-set inks are set simply by absorption into non-coated stocks and are generally used for newspapers and books but are also found in insert printing and are the most cost-conscious option. Energy-curable inks are the highest-quality offset litho inks and are set by application of light energy. They require specialized equipment are usually the most expensive type of offset litho ink.

c) Fountain solution is the water-based (or "aqueous") component in the lithographic process that cleans the background area of the plate in order to keep ink from depositing (and thus printing) in the non-image (or "white") areas of the paper. Historically, fountain solutions were acid-based and comprised of gum arabic, chromates and/or phosphates, and magnesium nitrate. While the acid fountain solution has come a long way in the last several decades, neutral and alkaline fountain solutions have also been developed. Both of these chemistries rely heavily on surfactants/emulsifiers and phosphates and silicates to provide adequate cleaning and desensitizing, respectively. Since about 2000, alkaline-based fountain solutions have started becoming less common due to the inherent health hazards of high pH and the objectionable odor of the necessary microbiological additives. Acid-based fountain solutions are still the most common variety and yield the best quality results by means of superior protection of the printing plate, lower dot gains, and longer plate life. Acids are also the most versatile, capable of running with all types of offset litho inks. However, because these products require more active ingredients to run well than do neutrals and alkaline, they are also the most expensive to produce.

Exercise 22. Give Ukrainian equivalents:

Mainly used for writing upon, cellulose pulp derived from wood, versatile material with many uses, weaving, knitting, crocheting or bonding, referred to as thread or yarn, typically a commercial print process, white special film-backed material, leaving the design of the die on the paper, to create a more striking 3D image, more durable than normal writing or printing paper, thinner and more flexible than other forms of paperboard, used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing, to control flow and thickness of the ink, the most common variety, the highest-quality offset litho inks, comprised of gum arabic, has come a long way in the last several decades, to provide adequate cleaning and desensitizing, respectively, alkaline-based fountain solutions, started becoming less common due to the inherent health hazards, the objectionable odor, necessary microbiological additives, yield the best quality results, by means of superior protection of the printing plate, capable of running with all types of offset litho inks, require more active ingredients to run well, the most expensive to produce.

Exercise 23. Match the word combinations and translate them.

a) versatile material	1) of pigment or metallic foil
b) material consisting	2) often used for postcards
c) foil stamping is	3) composed of solvents, pigments, dyes and resins
d) application	4) in offset lithographic printing
e) sheet stock is	5) by absorption into non-coated stocks
f) inks in paste form are used	6) on surfactants and emulsifiers
g) a complex medium	7) that cleans the background area
h) employment	8) with many uses
i) are "set"	9) to catalyze the curing process
j) rapid cooling	10) due to the inherent health hazards
k) are set simply	11) to keep ink from depositing
l) component	12) of a network of natural or artificial fibers
m) in order	13) extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing
n) these chemistries rely heavily	14) by applying heat
o) these solutions have started becoming less common	15) a printmaking technique

Exercise 24. Translate into English:

Застосування тонкоплівкового матеріалу, застосовувати до субстрату, виробляти спресовуючи вологі волокна, висушувати та надавати гнучкої форми, універсальний матеріал різнопланового використання, штучні та натуральні волокна, застосування пігменту та металу, тонколистовий прокат застосовують для друку каталогів та карт, речовина що вміщує різні пігменти та фарби, до складу чорнил входять розчинники, пігменти, смоли, барвники, змащувальні матеріали, поверхнево-активні речовини, тверді частки та інші матеріали, термостатичні чорнила та чорнила для термодруку, висушений електронно променевим або ультрафіолетовим способом, зволожуючий розчин, очищувати основу друкарської пластини, перешкоджати відбиттю чорнил на зони не призначені для друку.

Exercise 25. Answer the questions on “Printing material. Printing ink”:

1) What does a printing process involve? 2) Where is paper used? 3) What is fabric?

4) What kind of a printing technique is foil stamping? 5) What kind of substance is ink?

6) What components of ink do you know? 7) Where are inks in paste form used?

8) What are the types of paste inks? 9) Compare heat-set inks and cold-set inks. 10) What kind of component is fountain solution? 11) What is a function of fountain solution?

12) What types of fountain solution are there?

Exercise 26. Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Participle Construction:

Example: I saw them as they were going to the University. – I saw them going to the University.

1. I saw him as he was reinstalling the system of his PC. 2. We watched them as they were playing computer games. 3. The teacher observed the students as they were writing the test. 4. I saw the programmer as he was setting the computer. 5. She watched him as he was writing a program. 6. We noticed our lecturer as he was entering the hall.

Exercise 27. Change the following using the Objective Participle Construction:

Example: The system analyst repaired her computer. - She had her computer repaired.

1. His friend assembled a system for him. 2. The photographer took a photo of him. 3. The typist typed his article for him. 4. The waitress brought them dinner. 5. His students made reports for him. 6. Their lecturer organized an excursion for them. 7. The organizers of the exhibition provided a working place for them.

Exercise 28. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using Absolute Participle Construction as in the models:

Model 1: As the University was far from here, I went there by bus. – The University being far, I went there by bus.

Model 2: When the work had been done, they went home.

1. As his mother teaches English she knows the language very well. 2. As he was ill, he couldn’t go to the University. 3. As our teacher had visited the IT exhibition, we asked him to tell as about it. 4. When the lessons had ended, the students went home. 5. After the sun had risen, we continued our way. 6. As all shops were closed, we couldn’t buy any peripheral for our computer. 7. As the book has been printed, we hoped to get it soon. 8. As the key has been lost, she couldn’t get into the room.

Exercise 29. Translate into English using Object Participle Construction or Absolute Participle Construction.

1) Ми спостерігали як вони грали в нову комп’ютерну гру. 2) Вони чули, як батьки розмовляли англійською мовою. 3) Ми бачили як викладач заходив до аудиторії. 4) Ми помітили як вона сміялася. 5) Мені відремонтували комп’ютер. 6) Нам дістали запрошення на виставку новітніх комп’ютерних технологій. 7) Оскільки вітер дув з півночі, було дуже холодно. 8) Оскільки лектор був хворий, у нас не було другої пари. 9) Оскільки було вже пізно всі крамниці було зачинено. 10) Оскільки телефон був несправний я не могла тобі подзвонити. 11) Коли моя сестра закінчила школу наша сім’я переїхала до Львова. 12) Коли заняття закінчилися студенти нашої групи пішли додому.

Exercise 30. Change the sentences using the Subjective Participle Construction:

Example: It seems that the lines are nearly straight. – The lines seem to be nearly straight.

1) It appeared that the computer remained fixed. 2) It seems that the programmers have left their work undone. 3) It happened so that the non-conductor acquired a static charge. 4) It proves that the new technology provides better performance. 5) The demonstration of the new model of a laptop involves three stages. 6) It happened so that both loud speakers of my computer don’t work. 7) It seems that the price for the computer is considerably increased.

Exercise 31. Translate into English using the Subjective Participle Construction:

1) Здається, що без цього елементу апаратного забезпечення комп’ютер не працюватиме. 2) Виявляється існує чотири способи написання програми. 3) Чи хочете ви щоб я запросив вас до нашої експериментальної лабораторії? 4) Здається майже все готове до оновлення операційної системи комп’ютера. 5) Виявилося що він знає як налагодити роботу комп’ютера.

Exercise 32. Read and translate the article.

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