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Strong and Weak Forms

Modification of Consonants in Connected Speech | Degree of Completeness. According to its degree, assimila­tion can be complete, incompleteandintermediate. | Consonant influence consonant | Noise Consonants | Constrictives | Possible Mistakes |


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Words Strong Forms Weak Forms (quantitative and qualitative reduction, elision of sounds) Examples
Articles the ði: ðə + consonant →lɔ:k ət ðə \bʊk
ðɪJ, ði, ðɪ + vowel aɪl →teɪk ðɪ ɪg\zæm
a eɪ + C ə + C hɪəz ə \letə
an æn + V ən + V hɪəz ən \ æpl
Prepositions: at æt ət ət \hɜʊm
from frɒm frəm frəm \lʌndən
of ɒv əv, v ə →dჳʌg əv \mɪlk
to tu: tə + C →spi:k tə ðə \di:n
tu, tʊ + V →kʌm tʊ ə kən\klu:ჳn
into ɪntu: ɪntə + C →kʌm ɪntə ðə \ru:m
ɪntʊ + V →pʊt ɪt ɪntʊ ə \bɒks
for fɔ: + C fə + C →kʌm fə \ti:
fɔ:r + V fər + V →kʌm fər ə \tɔ:k
Pronouns: you ju: ju, jʊ jʊə \raɪt
he hi: hi, i, hɪ hɪz \fri:
she ʃi: ʃi, ʃɪ ʃɪz \prɪtɪ
we wi: wi, wɪ wɪ ə\gri:
me mi: mi, mɪ →let mɪ \si:
her hɜ: + C hз, hə, ə + C →nɪks hə \sʌn
hɜ:r + V hər, ər + V →tel hər \ ɔ:l
his hɪz ɪz aɪ →laɪk ɪz \feɪs
him hɪm ɪm →send ɪm ə \wɜ:d
us ʌs əs, s →li:v əs ɪn \pi:s
them ðəm ðəm, əm →ɑ:sk ðəm tə \du: ɪt
your jɔ: + C jɔ, jə + C →hɪəz jɒ →hæt
jɔ:r + V jɔr, jər aɪm jɒr →ɜʊld \frend
our aʊə + C aə + C →braʊnz aə \neɪbə
aʊər + V aər + V hɪz aər →ɜʊld \frend
Verbs: be bi: biJ, bi, bɪ →dɜʊnt bi \nɔ:tɪ
been bi:n biJn, bin, bɪn aɪv bin \ Ɵɪŋkɪŋ
am æm m – after I, əm aɪm \taɪəd
are ɑ: + C a, ə + C jʊə \leɪt
ɑ:r + V ar, ər + V jʊər ə\lɜʊn
is ɪz z – after voiced consonants and vowels →weəz \nɪk
s – after voiceless consonants ðæts \raɪt
ɪz – after s, z, ʃ, ჳ, ʧ, dჳ ðə →haʊs ɪz \lɑ:dჳ
was wɒz wəz →wɒt wəz \rɒŋ
were wɜ: + C wɜ:r + V wз, wə + C wзr, wər + V ðə →tri:z wə \gri:n ðə →bɔɪz wər \ ɒnɪst
have hæv hæv, əv, v – after personal pronouns ðə →kɑ:z əv \stɒpt
has hæz həz, əz, z – after voiced consonants and vowels; s – after voiceless consonants ðə →dɒktə həz \kʌm →dჳæks \kʌm
had hæd hə, əd, d – after personal pronouns ↘nɪk həd 'fɪnɪʃt ɪt baɪ \faɪv
can kæn kən, kn ðeɪ kən \steɪ
could kʊd kəd, kd ðeɪ kəd \fɜʊn
must mʌst məst, məs aɪ məst \wɔ:n ɪm
will wɪl l ðeɪl ə\gri:
would wʊd wəd, əd, d – after personal pronouns ðə →gɜ:l wəd \steɪ
shall ʃæl ʃəl, ʃl – after personal pronouns wɪʃl \wɜ:k
should ʃʊd ʃəd, ʃd – after personal pronouns aɪ ʃd →laɪk tə \steɪ
do du: du, dʊ, də →wɒt də ðeɪ \nɜʊ
does dʌz dəz →wen dəz ɪ \kʌm
Conjunctions: and ænd ənd, ən, n →beɪkn ənd \egz
that ðæt ðət jʊ →nɜʊ ðət jʊə \rɒŋ
but bʌt bət bət →waɪ \nɒt
than ðæn ðən, ðn ɪts →wɔ:mə ðən \jestədɪ
as æz əz əz →su:n əz \pɒsɪbl
or ɔ: + C ɔ:r + V ɔ, ə + C ɔr, ə + V →red ɔ \waɪt →tɒm ɔr \ æn
Particles: to tu: tə + C →traɪ tə \du: ɪt
tʊ + V →traɪ tə \i:t ɪt
there ðeə ðə + C ðər + V ðə wə \letəz ðər ə \ ʧɪldrən

С - consonant

V – vowel
Note: The sound [h] is not dropped in the words he, him, his, her, has, have, had at the beginning of intonation groups or sentences

The weak forms of the words listed in the Table should be used in unstressed positions.

The strong forms of auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns and form-words are by far more rarely used.

They are used in their strong forms when they are said in isolation, when they become the communicative centers of utter­ances.

The following cases should be also remembered as the traditional use of strong forms in the English language.

Prepositions have their strong forms though they might remain unstressed:

  1. at the very end of an intonation group or phrase, e.g.
    What are you looking at? [→ wɒt ə jʊ \lʊkɪŋ æt].
  2. at the end of an intonation group or phrase when they are followed by the unstressed pronoun. Monosyllabic prepositions are either stressed or not, according to the rhythmic pattern of the phrase, e.g.
    I'm not talking to you [aɪm →nɒt \tɔ:kɪŋ tu: jʊ]
    but [aɪm ↘nɒt 'tɔ:kɪŋ tə \ju:]

Polysyllabic prepositions followed by a pronoun at the end of a phrase are stressed as a rule, e.g. Have a look under it [↘hæv ə 'lʊk \ ʌndər ɪt].

Auxiliary and modal verbs have their strong forms:

  1. at the end of an intonation group or a phrase whether stressed or not, e.g.
    Who has done it? - Mary has [\meərɪ hæz]. Are you free? - I am [aɪ \ æm]
  2. At the beginning of general and alternative questions in careful colloquial style, while in rapid colloquial style they are unstressed and reduced, e.g.
    Can you get it by tomorrow? [↘kæn jʊ 'get ɪt baɪ tə\mɒrɜʊ], but: Have you got any matches? [həv jʊ → gɒt enɪ \mæʧɪz]
  3. In contracted negative forms, e.g.
    I don't know the man [aɪ → dɜʊnt \nɜʊ ðə mæn]

The following form-words should be remembered as having no weak forms whatsoever: what, where, when, how, which, on, in, with, then. The verb to have used as a content verb in the meaning of “to possess” has no weak forms (whether stressed or not) though often unstressed, e.g.
I have a little brother [aɪ hæv ə →lɪtl \brʌðə].

The demonstrative pronoun that is never reduced while the conjunction that is, e.g.
I know that [aɪ \nɜʊ ðæt],
but: I know that he is here [aɪ →nɜʊ ðət hɪz \hɪə]

Neither are reduced the absolute forms of possessive pronouns, e.g.
The ball-pen is mine [ðə →bɔ:1 pen ɪz \maɪn]

All the form-words, auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns are generally stressed and consequently have their strong forms in case they become the logical centres of phrases, e.g.
I'm speaking of your work, not of your sister's [aɪm →spi:kɪŋ əv \jɔ: wɜ:k| →nɒt əv jə \sɪstəz]

You have to analyze words with the cases of reduction mentioning:

  1. type of reduction
  2. the group of the word (form or content)
  3. part of speech

For example,
a -[eɪ]>[ə] – qualitative, form word, article;
Let me see – me [mi:]>[mɪ] – quantitative, form word, personal pronoun;
young er [ə] – qualitative, notional word, unstressed syllable;
Le t’s go – elision, form word, personal pronoun;
I ’ve looked – elision, form word, auxiliary verb, after personal pronoun.

Comparison with Russian. Russian speech is characterized by different rhythmical structure. Personal and possessive pronouns, auxiliary and modal verbs are often stressed in Russian, e.g.
By the → time we \ get there |it'll be → too \ late.
К тому времени как мы туда доберёмся, | будет уже слишком поздно.


Mistakes of Russian Learners. Russian students of English fail to use weak forms correctly. On the one hand they introduce strong forms in unstressed positions. On the other hand they replace strong forms by weak forms in places where there should be no reduction in the unstressed position. Careful practice of form-words in various accentual patterns is desirable.

 


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