LESSON 3 Text: World Trade Organization Grammar: Infinitive or Gerund?

LESSON 3 Text: World Trade Organization Grammar: Infinitive or Gerund?

Terms to remember:

The World Trade Organization(WTO) – світова організація торгівлі

administer trade agreements (v) – керувати торговельними угодами,

trade negotiations – торгові переговори,

legal ground rules – основні правові норми,

settle trade disputes (v) – урегульовувати торгові конфлікти

bind (v) - зобов’язати (законом і т.ін.)

trade rights – торгові права

oversee (v) - наглядати, стежити за (кимсь, чимсь)

keep trade policy (v) – дотримуватися торгової політики

dealings (pl.) – ділові стосунки, торгівельні справи (угоди)

the World Bank – Світовий (Міжнародний) банк

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It does this by:

♦administering trade agreements

♦acting as a forum for trade negotiations

♦settling trade disputes

♦reviewing national trade policies

♦assisting developing countries in trade policy issues through technical assistance and training programmes

♦ cooperating with other international organizations

At the heart of the system are the WTO's agreements, negotiated and signed by a large majority of the world's trading nations. These agreements are the legal ground rules for international commerce. Essentially, they are contracts, guaranteeing member countries important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits to everybody's benefit. Their main purpose is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct their business.

The WTO is one of three major organizations that oversee international economic relations among governments. The other two are the International Monetary Fund, which works to improve payment arrangements and other financial dealings between countries, and the World Bank, which provides loans to poorer nations. The WTO headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

Exercises in Word Study

Ex.1. Form verbs from the following nouns:

administrator, negotiation, settlement, assistance, training, cooperation, agreement, improvement, arrangement, dealings.

Ex.2. The following words can be used in more than one way. Identify the correct part of speech for each word as it is used in the text. (noun or verb)

flow, dispute, trade, assist, conduct, issue, contract, limit, guarantee

Ex.3. Give the English for:

Світова організація торгівлі, керувати торговельними угодами, форум для торгових переговорів, урегульовувати торгові конфлікти, допомагати країнам які розвиваються, торгова політика, технічна опомога, навчальні програми, співпрацювати з міжнародними організаціями, основні правові реформи, гарантувати торгові права, дотримуватися торгової політики, міжнародні економічні відносини, Світовий банк, надавати позики, головне управління.

4 Match words that have a similar meaning:

Global administer cooperate agreement negotiate legal oversee dispute trade

Manage universal supervise lawful transact contract collaborate help quarrel oblige commerce

Ex.5. Find suitable opposites to the following words and phrases:

national; agreement; predictably; legal; agreed; poorer nations.

Ex.6. Consult your dictionary and translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian.

barter trade; bilateral trade; border trade; cash trade; domestic trade; exclusive trade; export trade; external trade; fair trade; hire-purchase trade; illicit trade; invisible trade; lawful trade; licence trade; luxury trade; mail-order trade; profitable trade; retail trade; service trade; stock trade; tally trade; wholesale trade.

Ex.7. Look at the words and phrases in the box. Match them with the correct definition from the list below:

trade agreement contract ground rules negotiation the World Bank the World Trade Organisation commerce dealings

1. an international organization that promotes trade in goods and services between nations;

2. an arrangement between countries to follow certain rules on pricing, import duties, etc. when buying from and selling to each other;

3. the process of trying to reach an agreement through discussion;

4. the central bank, controlled by the United Nations, that lends money to member states;

5. a set of rules;

6. business in general in the buying and selling of goods and services within a country, and with other countries;

7. business done between people or organizations;

8. an agreement, usually written and signed by those making it;

Ex.8. Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

administered; oversee; settle; commerce; the World Bank; dealings (2); barriers; trade disputes; the negotiations, trading; agreement.

1. His company has just signed a trade... with Japan.

2. This new... company imports craft goods from South America.

3.... between the two countries resulted in a new trade agreement.

4. One of the main functions of the WTO is to settle....

5. By lowering trade …, the WTO also breaks down other barriers between peoples and nations.

5. The two companies have had... with each other over many years.

6. Developing countries in the third world have applied to … for development grants.

7. The growth of... between member states in the EU is remarkable.

8. I've had... with him before and he is not to be trusted.

10. Trade union leaders and employers are meeting to... the pay dispute.

11. The WTO, the IMF and the World Bank... international economic relations among governments.

12. She... the committee meeting to make sure that everything worked smoothly.

Ex.8. Fill in the missing prepositions. (in (2), between, to (2), of (3), on (2), over, for)

The World Trade Organization is an international organization that promotes trade... goods and services... nations. Most nations belong... the World Trade Organization, often called the WTO.

A WTO member nation has both rights and responsibilities. The most important right guarantees that a country's export goods and services get the same treatment as those... any other WTO member. This treatment includes the same tariffs and other trade restrictions. The main responsibility... a member nation is to follow WTO guidelines... international trade. Another important rule involves the resolution... trade disputes.... case of disagreement... a trade issue, a member nation agrees to submit the case... a WTO committee... review. If the committee finds that a country has violated its WTO commitments, the country must either change its practices or face increased taxes... its exports.

Ex.10. These words are often confused politics – policy. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above. Make your own sentences.

1. Honesty is the best …

2. Only senior management can take... decisions.

3.... is the art of government.

4. It is company... to ensure that all employees receive adequate training for their job.

5. The mayor has been in... all his life.

6. The... of that store is that customers may return merchandise for an exchange, but not for a refund.

7. She refused to get involved in office....

8. This President thinks more about internal affairs, such as unemployment and education, than about foreign....

9. I am not interested in....

10.He has chosen a career in....

11.Many people disagree with the President's recent foreign... decisions.

12.The WTO's agreements bind governments to keep their trade....

Exercises in Comprehension

Ex.1. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the World Trade Organization?

2. What is its main function?

3. What does the WTO do to fulfill its main function?

4. What are the WTO's agreements?

5. Who signs these agreements?

6. What do these agreements guarantee?

7. What do they bind governments to do?

8. What is their main purpose?

9. Who oversees international economic relations among governments?

10.Who does the World Bank provides loans to?

11.Where are the WTO headquarters?

Ex.2.Translate into English:

Світова організація торгівлі була створена в 1995 році. Це одна з наймолодших міжнародних організацій. Вона є єдина міжнародна організація, яка має справу з основними правилами торгівлі між країнами. Вона керує торговельними угодами і діє як форум для торгових переговорів. Вона також співпрацює з іншими міжнародними організаціями.

Урегулювання торгових конфліктів – одне з найважливіших завдань Світової організації торгівлі. Угоди Світової організації торгівлі – це основні норми міжнародної торгівлі. Вони гарантують країнам-членам важливі торгові права.

Світова організація торгівлі також регулює торгівлю послугами та інтелектуальною власністю. Головне управління Світової організації торгівлі розташоване в Женеві (Швейцарія).

Grammar Revision Infinitive or Gerund?

1. The infinitive is often used when talking about aims and objectives, and the gerund when the verb is the subject of the sentence.

He made a decision to start a new life. Learning languages is my hobby.

2. The infinitive is used after adjectives, adverbs, nouns and pronouns, the gerund is used after prepositions and conjunctions.

I was surprised to meet him there.

She is certain to retire soon.

He was shocked. He didn't know what to do.

They have a plan to start a business.

After graduating from the University he set up his business.

He insisted on restructuring the company.

3. Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, begin, can't bear, continue, hate, like, love, remember, start, stop, try, intend, bother, prefer

4. Some of these verbs change their meanings depending on whether they are used with the gerund or the infinitive

to remember + infinitive = not to forget to do something

to remember + gerund = to remember something done in the past

to regret + infinitive = to be sorry for something you are doing
to regret + gerund = to be sorry because of something that happened in the past

to stop + infinitive = to stop so that you can do it

to stop + gerund = to end an action

Ex. 1. Divide the verbs in the box into two categories: A-those generally followed by an infinitive, B-those generally followed by a gerund. Some verbs may appear in both categories, depending on their meaning.

admit, avoid, resist, face, offer, miss, intend, remember, regret, stop, risk, forgive, decide, hate, expect, consider, refuse, start, hope, learn, plan, postpone, imagine, involve.

Ex.2. Choose the correct way of completing each sentence.

1. Do you remember (to go/going) to the bank last Monday?

2. It's difficult (to make/making) long-term plans.

3. I remember (to meet/ meeting) your boss at the conference.

4. We've made an agreement (to work/working) together.

5. We usually avoid (to discuss/discussing) this subject.

6. You were stupid (to believe/believing) her.

7. He gave up the idea of (to hear/hearing) from his business partner.

8. She has an awful habit of (to interfere/interfering) in other people's business.

9. This job is not worth (to take, taking).

10.The problem was too difficult (to solve, solving).

11.We are looking forward (to see/seeing) him.

12.1 was fined for (to exceed/exceeding) the speed limit.

13. It's no use (to explain/explaining) him our problem.

14. He couldn't resist (to go/going) to see his new office.

Ex.3.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive).

1. (Travel) across Europe is much more pleasant than (sit) in the office.

2. I have no intention of (accept) this invitation.

3. He made a lot of money by (trade) in the Stock Exchange.

4. I don't feel like (work) today.

5. He apologized for (borrow) my computer without (ask) permission.

6. After (discuss) the problem for an hour the committee made a decision.

7. She was the last (leave) the office.

8. We thanked him for (solve) our problem so quickly.

9. I expected the boss (keep) his promise. 10.1 wish (see) the senior manager.

11.He expects me (lend) him some money but I have no intention of (do) it.

12.He used (work) more efficiently when he was younger.

13.On (hear) thenews he got very angry.

13. She avoided (speak) to the secretary.

14. A really prestigious job is worth (look) for.

Ex.4. Translate into English using a gerund or infinitive.

1. Мені прикро, що я запізнився.

2. Вона заперечувала, що вкрала гроші.

3. Всі знають, що наш бос дуже прогресивна людина.

4. Чи можу я покластися на те, що ви владнаєте цю справу.

5. Важко сказати, що він мав на увазі.

6. Я розумію, чому він ухиляється від розмови про це.

7. Я з нетерпінням очікував на інтерв’ю.

8. Пізно сперечатися про це. Вже нічого не можна змінити.

9. Я пам’ятаю, що зустрічав його в вашому відділі.

10. Я не ризикнув запропонувати йому цю роботу.

11. Я наголошував на тому, щоб поговорити з президентом компанії.

12. Вашому босу нелегко догодити.

13. Він зацікавився працівником, який відповідає за складання фінансових звітів.

14. Єдине, що вам потрібно зробити – це скласти бізнес-план.

15. Я пам’ятаю, що бачив це рекламу в газеті.

Ex.5. Comment on the following:

"Negotiation is a game. A serious one but still a game."

(Gary Karrass)

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