студентів медичного факультету 2 курсу

МЕТОДИЧНА РОЗРОБКА ДЛЯ

студентів медичного факультету 2 курсу

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) - СИНДРОМ НАБУТОГО ІМУННОГО ДЕФІЦИТУ (СНІД). REVISION OF TENSES

Exercise 1. Active Vocabulary:

Acquired [əˈkwaıəd] отриманий

To transmit передавати

Deficiency [dıˈfıʃənsı] недостатність

Mortality смертність

Identify [aıˈdɛntı,faı] визначати

Morbidity захворюваність

Routine [ruːˈtiːn] поточний, звичайний

Sample, specimen зразок

Susceptible [səˈsɛptəbǝl] вразливий

Exposure піддавання

Available [əˈveıləbǝl] доступний

Opportunistic infections оппортунистичні (супровідні) інфекції

To contract (a disease) заразитися

Exercise 2. Form nouns from the words given below:

To identify, to effect, to transmit, to treat, to maintain, to infect, to add, to prevent, to develop, to measure, to assist, to protect, to disturb.

Exercise 3. Translate the following phrases into your native language:

Human immunodeficiency virus, susceptible to opportunistic infections, positive identification, fungi and parasites, available vaccine, bodily fluid, avoid exposure to the virus, reduce mortality and morbidity, routine access, to transmit through direct contact of a mucous membrane.

Exercise 4. Discuss the following problem:

1. What does abbreviation AIDS mean?

2. What organs does AIDS affect?

3. Why is it so widely spoken about?

4. Why is it considered to be so dangerous?

5. Why does it spread so quickly that it becomes pandemic?

6. What is the best way to prevent AIDS?

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections, which affect nearly every organ system, and different tumors and cancers. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen and breast milk. AIDS is now a pandemic.

AIDS was first reported June 5, 1981. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960, though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier. Chimpanzees are frequently hunted for food, especially in West-Central Africa, and scientists believe that HIV-1 was introduced into the human population through exposure to chimpanzees’ blood during hunting. Chimpanzees are identical to humans in over 98 percent of their genome (hereditary material), yet they appear to be resistant to the damaging effects of the AIDS virus on the immune system.

The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages.

Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss.

Many people are unaware that they are infected with HIV. HIV tests are usually performed on venous blood. Individuals whose first specimen indicates evidence of HIV infection will have a repeat test on a second blood sample to confirm the results. The window (incubation) period (the time between initial infection and the development of detectable antibodies against the infection) can vary since it can take 3–6 months to get positive result.

To be infected with HIV is to be HIV-positive, but only when the virus seriously damages the immune system, does one have AIDS. AIDS is different in every infected person. Some people die a few months after getting infected, while others live fairly normal lives for many years, even after they 'officially' have AIDS. A few HIV-positive people stay healthy for many years even without taking anti-HIV medications.

HIV testing is the first step in your personal education in determining if you are infected with the HIV. HIV tests look for antibodies to HIV. Those antibodies are proteins produced by your immune system to fight germs. Blood tests are the most common HIV test, but newer tests can detect antibodies in mouth fluid, from scrapings inside your cheek, or from your urine. Rapid HIV tests are now capable of test results within 10 to 30 minutes after a sample is taken. Between three weeks and two months after becoming infected with HIV, your immune system produces antibodies to HIV, so you should wait two months before being tested, after you think you were exposed to HIV.

There is currently no available vaccine for HIV or cure for HIV or AIDS. The only known methods of prevention are based on avoiding exposure to the virus or an antiretroviral treatment which can just slow the course of the disease. But it also has very unpleasant side effects including diarrhea, malaise, nausea and fatigue. Аntiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions?

1. Explain the term AIDS?

2. What does AIDS damage or destroy?

3. How is AIDS transmitted?

4. What is the cause of AIDS?

5. Where did AIDS come from?

6. When was AIDS first reported?

7. Why are many people unaware that they are infected with HIV?

8. How is HIV identified?

9. What are the symptoms of AIDS?

10. What is the treatment of AIDS?

Exercise 7. Match English word combinations with their definitions:

Immune deficiency opportunistic infection antiretroviral HIV Antibody window period

1. It affects patients only or chiefly when the immune system is depressed 2. protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. 3. failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection 4. the time between initial infection and the development of detectable antibodies against the infection 5. a virus which reduces people's resistance to illness 6. denoting drugs which inhibit the activity of retroviruses

Exercise 8. Write synonyms to the following words:

Syndrome, deficiency, to find out, to spread, neoplasm, damage, sweat, giddiness, medicine, to involve, to decrease, to increase.

Exercise 9. Find the continuation of the sentence:

1. AIDS stands for ___________________________

2. _______________ is the cause of AIDS.

3. AIDS progressively reduces __________________

4. HIV is transmitted __________________________

5. AIDS was first reported _____________________.

6. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV virus comes from __________________.

7. The treatment of AIDS is mostly ______________.

8.______ can reduce mortality and morbidity but there is no ________.

9.The only known methods of prevention are based on ____.

10.The symptoms of AIDS are __________________.

Exercise 10. Approve or contradict:

1. AIDS affects inner organs such as liver, spleen, stomach.

2. HIV is transmitted through respiratory tract.

3. AIDS originated in the USA in early 90s.

4. The symptoms of AIDS are fever, fatigue, nausea, sometimes vomiting.

5. Many people are unaware that they are infected with HIV because symptoms are vague.

6. The window period can vary from 2-3 years.

7. AIDS is successfully treated with antiretroviral medicine.

8. Antiretroviral treatment has unpleasant side effects including diarrhea, malaise, nausea and fatigue.

9. Patients with AIDS mostly die several months after being infected.

10. Patients no longer live normal lives after the 'official' diagnose of AIDS is made.

Exercise11. Translate the following word-combinations:

Синдром набутого імунного дефіциту, ВІЧ інфекція, смертність, оппортунистичні інфекциі, вразливий, передаватися, кровотік, слизова оболонка, антиретровирусна терапія, зразок, захворюванність, гриби, потовідділення, застуда, втомленність, нудота, уразити органи, передаватися через слизову оболонку.

Exercise 12. Translate the words in brackets into English:

1. Treatment reduces (смертність та захворюваність) of HIV infection.

2. There is currently no (доступної) vaccine or (зцілення) for HIV or AIDS.

3. HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus, it can (жити та розмножуватися) only in the human organism, that is why animals and insects can’t (передавати ВІЛ).

4. HIV progressively (знижує) the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals (вразливими) to opportunistic infections, which affect nearly every organ system.

5. Treatment has (побічну дію) such as (нездужання), (нудота) and dizziness.

6. People living with HIV can take antiretroviral drugs (щоб відкласти початок) of AIDS.

7.Ryan White – the 1st teenager patient who (заразився) AIDS from blood products, as part of his (лікування від гемофілії).

Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into your native language, paying attention to the use of tenses:

1. Nowadays scientists are working furiously to produce an AIDS vaccine.

2. In future scientists will test each sample of potential vaccine in animals.

3. Many scientists thought that an effective vaccine would induce cellular immunity and would stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies.

4. All WHO member states have already organized AIDS control.

5. Researchers have been struggling for developing of AIDS vaccine since the middle of 20th century.

6. Stool samples should be sent for testing, to help differentiate inflammatory from non-inflammatory causes of diarrhea.

7. Surprising his doctors, Ryan White, a nineteen year old, middle class teenager from Kokomo, lived five years longer than predicted but died in April 1990.

Exercise 14. Put the verbs in brackets in a correct form:

1. There are 4 stages of AIDS recognized. The 1st stage of infection (to last) for a few weeks and often (to accompany) by a short flu-like illness.

2. The 2nd stage (to last) for about 10 years and, (to be) free from major symptoms.

3. At this stage HIV antibodies (to detect) in the blood and a patient (to experience) moderate unexplained weight loss and recurrent respiratory tract infections.

4. The 3rd stage often (to characterize) by multi-system disease and infections that can occur in almost all body systems.

5. At this stage a patient (to suffer) from unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than one month, persistent fever, pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial infections.

6. At the 4th stage the immune system (to become) more and more damaged, the opportunistic diseases slowly (to progress), leading eventually to an AIDS diagnosis.

7. AZT (to become) the first anti-HIV drug which (to approve) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

8. If Ryan White (to survive) he (to become) the 1st person who was cured all over the world.

9. Ryan White (to expel) from school for being a health risk.

10. After the origin of the AIDS epidemic (to clarify), an explanation for why the epidemic arose in the mid-20th century, and not before, still (to remain) a matter of discussion.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined phrases:

1. HIV progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system.

2. Protective immune response in this patient was caused by viral preparations.

3. Scientists are studying the molecular structure and properties of viruses.

4. Scientists have observed AIDS in an increasing number of infants.

5. Immunity against pneumonia will be developed soon by prominent scientists.

6. All efforts of scientists are focused on the development of effective anti-AIDS vaccine.

7. AIDS was rumored to be a manufactured virus genetically created to kill the black race.

8. HIV-1 and HIV-2 were introduced into the human population through exposure to Chimpanzees’ blood during hunting.

9. Incidental transmissions of chimpanzee viruses to humans may have occurred in those wild places throughout history.

10. Chimpanzees being the source of HIV-1 may be the source of its successful control.

Exercise 16. Fill in the table with necessary information:

Stage of AIDS	Duration of the stage	Symptoms
1st stage 2nd stage 3d stage 4th stage

Exercise 17. Text for additional reading:

CASE REPORT

A 43-year-old man with AIDS, was admitted to the hospital with fever and cough. He reported 4 days of fever and malaise, followed by 2 days of cough with blood-streaked sputum. The patient also complained of watery diarrhea.

His medical history was significant for HIV-1 infection diagnosed 12 years earlier. He had been treated for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and Candida esophagitis in 1999 and again in 2005. He suffered from hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency, and dilated cardiomyopathy. In 2006, he sustained an intraventricular hemorrhage as a result of poorly controlled hypertension. Before his presentation, the patient had not been in medical care for approximately 6 months, and he had discontinued all his antiretroviral and antihypertensive medication. He was not a smoker but drank alcohol daily. The only medication he was consistently taking was dapsone for PCP prophylaxis.

On arrival to the emergency department, the patient was febrile (temperature, 39.7°C). The physical examination revealed rales on the left with bronchial breath sounds and egophony. The results of the initial laboratory tests included an elevated white blood cell count. Results of liver function tests were normal. Chest radiographs confirmed a left lower lobe consolidation. Therapy with piperacillin/tazobactam was started for bacterial pneumonia, and the patient underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

On his third hospital day, hypoxia with respiratory failure developed. The patient was intubated and transferred to the ICU. Azithromycin was added because the initial choice of antibiotics did not help. Blood and urine culture results remained negative. His sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were negative for viral and fungal pathogens. The patient’s antibiotics were narrowed to levofloxacin, and he completed a 21-day course of therapy. He was extubated on hospital day 8 and was eventually discharged home.

Exercise 18. Translate into English:

Мокрота з домішками крові, нездужання, хронічна ниркова недостатність, кровотеча (2 синоніма), загальний аналіз крові, палата інтенсивної терапії, ущільнення у легенях, хрипи у легенях.

Exercise 19. Match terms with definitions:

Cardiomyopathy (кардиомиопатия)	is a pathological condition in which there is a lack of adequate oxygen supply into the body or a region of the body.
Egophony (эгофония)	is an increased resonance of voice soundsб heard when auscultating the lungs, often caused by lung consolidation.
Hypoxia (гипоксия)	"heart muscle disease" is the measurable deterioration of the function of the myocardium (the heart muscle).

Exercise 20. Learn topic vocabulary:

Human immunodeficiency virus, susceptible to opportunistic infections, positive identification, fungi and parasites, bodily fluid, avoid exposure to the virus, reduce mortality and morbidity, to transmit through contact of a mucous membrane, antiretroviral treatment, detectable antibodies

TEST

1. AIDS progressively __________ the effectiveness of the immune system.

a) increases b) improves c) reduces d) strengthens

2. The 1st stage of infection is accompanied by _____.

a) moderate unexplained weight loss

b) flu-like symptoms

c) unexplained chronic diarrhea

d) severe bacterial infections

3. HIV is transmitted through __________________.

a) direct contact and patient’s things

b) respiratory tract

c) blood, semen and breast milk

d) animal’s bites

4. There are ___ stages of AIDS recognized.

a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d) 5

5. The ____ stage leads eventually to an AIDS diagnosis.

a) 3d b) 2nd c) 4th d) 5th

6. ________ treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection.

a) antibiotic b) antibacterial c) antiretroviral d) antipyretic

7. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV virus comes from _________________.

a) the USA at the beginning of the 20th century

b) the Congo in the middle of the 20th century

c) the South Africa in 1959

d) Africa in the middle of the 20th century

8. The 2nd stage lasts for about ______________.

a) several months b) about a month c) 10 years d) 20 days

9. People with AIDS die mostly of ______________.

a) constant fever b) tuberculosis

c) opportunistic infection d)respiratory tract infections

10. Antiretroviral therapy __ the patient ____ all symptoms.

a) both cures.. and removes

b) neither cures … nor removes

c) either cures …. or removes

d) cures …. but doesn’t remove

11. At the 2nd stage a patient may experience moderate unexplained weight loss and ____________.

a) prolonged diarrhea b) tonsillitis, pharyngitis

c) tuberculosis d) severe bacterial infections

12. For the 1st time HIV was introduced into the human population through exposure to ____________.

a) blood transfusion b) Chimpanzees’ blood

c) mutation of anti-small-pox vaccine

d) all variant are true

13. You should wait two months before being tested for HIV because __________.

a) your immune system produces antibodies to HIV

b) you start developing symptoms

c) your immune system starts destroying

d) all variants are true

14. Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which there is _______ into the body or a region of the body.

a) an increased blood supply

b) a lack of adequate oxygen supply

c) a misbalance between oxygen supply and demand

d) all variant are true

15. Antibodies are proteins produced by your immune system _____________.

a) to identify germs b) to fight germs

b) to protect organism from germs d) all variants are true

16. Chimpanzees are identical to humans in over 98 percent of _________. yet they appear to be resistant to the damaging effects of the AIDS virus on the immune system.

a) their genome b) blood components

c) their constitution d) all variants are true

17. Chimpanzees appear to be ______ to the damaging effects of the AIDS virus on the immune system.

a ) liable b) resistant

c) protected d) all variants are true

18. People living with HIV can take antiretroviral drugs to __________.

a) cure AIDS b)to postpone irreversible death

c) to maintain antibody level d) relieve symptoms

19. Many people are unaware that they are infected with HIV because _________.

a) they don’t apply to a doctor

b) the widow period is long

c) they don’t make blood tests

d) all variant are true

20. An immediate blood test after contraction may not show antibodies because____.

a) widow period is long

b) the disease is slowly developing in the body

c) it can take 3–6 months to get positive result

d) all variants are true

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