7 Auctions are becoming very popular, for example, on the Internet. In an auction all participants make bids, and the highest wins.
Unit 10
1 Though many economic laws, formulas, theories and concepts often seem far removed from everyday life, economic policies affect the life of society, families and individuals. Welfare economics considers issues of equity or fairness.
2 Economists examine how income and wealth are distributed among the population. And equity is realized through taxation.
Translation Work |
t I 6 M a c m i I I a n Guide to Economici Translation Work |
3 According to those economists who share the concept of welfare economics, any economic system is unfair.
1 Governments receive revenues from different sources with taxation as the main one.
5 Through taxation governments achieve different goals. They decrease the income gap between the rich and the poor, they discourage people from consuming harmful products and they control overall supply and demand.
6 Most taxation revenues go on public goods which include national defence, street lighting, healthcare, education and others.
7 The effects which economic activities have on people are called externalities. These may be positive or negative. For example, industries can do harm to the environment.
Unit 11
1 Wealth can include valuable belongings, money, gold, stocks and shares, works of art, land, property and precious jewels.
2 Besides a salary or an unemployment benefit, there are other sources of income. For example, interest from savings in a bank or rent from property.
3 The distribution of wealth in many countries has remained practically without change for many years. A large share of the wealth is concentrated in the hands of a small group of the population. Inequality is difficult to eradicate.
4 The Lorenz curve shows the relationship between income and population, in other words it represents how income is distributed in the market economy. The extent of the inequalities in income distribution can be judged from the curve.
Poverty is a global problem. Though it is mainly associated with developing countries, to some extent it also exists in developed countries.
When we speak about absolute poverty, we mean the people who live below the poverty line.
7 People on a low income spend all the money they have on daily necessities. They cannot save.
Tile Gn at Depression was a devastating collapse tor the American economy the effects of which were fell almost in every country of the world The depression changed attitudes to the science of economics.
After the depression of the HMOs, tlu most important aims of any government have become steady economic growth and control over inflation to avoid serious economic recessions.
fiscal policy is connected with the tax system and the budget of the country By this policy the government can intluenee disposable income, demand and economic growth.
The main tool of monetary policy is interest rates
Aggregate demand is demand in the whole economy. It includes demand from consumers, companies, the government and customers abroad.
The value of all the services and products produced by the whole economy forms real national product
The growth or falldown trend for supply and aggregate supply in the short run is the same, but in the long run aggregate supply grow th is not affected by price, but depends on the factors of production available in the economy
Before the use of money, which is taken for granted by jxiople today, the basic system of pay ment w as sw apping or bartering
The first commodity money was metal, salt and other valuable commodities. Such money lacked liquidity, that is the ability to circulate freely, but it stored value.
Fiat money does not have any intrinsic value, but only represents value.
If you save money, you may put it in a box under your bed. which is unsafe and unreasonable, or you may put it in a bank account. The money in an account earns interest.
The main service which any bank provides to its customers is lending money. Banks are the most reliable lenders.
If a client defaults on a loan, the bank uses interest to cover the losses Though most clients pay back their loans, interest serves as a form of security.
A banks' clients can make withdrawals at anytime, as any bank keeps some percentage of the savings rceehed from its clients as the reserve.
Fiscal policy regulates the functioning ol the tax system and government spending. Both affect economic growth
A progressive taxation system operates in many countries of the work!. The more money a person earns the higher the tax he pays.
Government spending can affect economic growth through the so-called multiplier effect
Monetary policy involves making changes to the interest rate and controlling the money circulating in the economy
The interest rate is usually set by the central bank of a country, which also serves as a lender for commercial banks.
When buy ing houses many people take out mortgages from commercial banks If the interest rate increases, the mortgage becomes more expensive.
Mitni an. C» „ • -i • to I - o o n •: i T' ih in-'.' JVot, 117 |
If the interest rate is low. companies invest and expand their business, the national currency- value falls and national goods and services Ixvome cheaper for foreign buyers. Hxj*>rts begin to grow and more money comes into the economy
A too rapid grow th rate in the economy may cause inflation. A steady growth rate is preferred. This is the aim of monetary and fiscal jvolicics
The interest rate is determined by the levels of supply and demand in tile money market.
Money supply is the money in circulation, including cash, money in hank accounts, reserves, etc
Events like wars or natural disasters which cannot he controlled by governments may ait'eet the economy in unexpected ways
Demand-side shocks may occur in the countries heavily dependent on exports.
Shocks may he both demand side and supply- side. They can cause a knock-on effect on the national economy or other economics.
When supply side shocks occur, the supply ot raw materials or components is disrupted. When some good is in short supply, its price rises, so do manufacturers' v ariable costs and their prices.
<)ne oi the ways to measure the nidation level is the retail price index, which is calculated tor the haskct of goods
Cost-push inllation occurs when prices rise without an increase in demand, which is common when producers" variable costs rise sharply.
Among other causes of rising inllation is the growth in the circulating money supply. This is explained by the quantity theory of money
People with fixed incomes suffer most of all from rising inflation
rnctnploymcnt can be cyclical or structural. Cyclical unemployment varies with grow th or recession in the economy. Structural unemployment depends on the low demand for labour in some industries.
There arc other types of unemployment. For example, frictional unemployment, when people are looking for new jobs, as well as seasonal unemployment, when some industries work seasonally.
118 M a < «l "< d>.. > 0 *t to fcoiomu 1 * 'IK It O ft W © r fc |
The situation in which everyone who wants to work has a job is called full employment.
When economic growth is calculated inllation is taken into account
Sharp, sudden economic growth may cause the economy to overheat. Such growth is called a boom.
Savings, capital growth and technological progress are consielcreel essential conditions for economic growth.
Technology advances lead to increased productivity from the same amount of capital atul resources.
Long-term economic growth is often followed by a recession. Such a cycle is called the traele or business cycle. It has four stages, boom, slump, recession and recovery
W hen demand for gooels ami services is steadily growing, companies have to take on more employees, consumers' confidence rises as their incomes also go up
When the slump comes, the economy e*ontinues to grow but at slower rates. Inllation starts to rise, confidence falls.
All through world history people and countries have Ih-cii trading with each other. In the modern world an economy is considered open when it imports ami exports goods and se-rvice-s.
Export and import of goods is elelineel as 'visible' in contrast to the 'invisible' export and import
of services.
The balance of trade is an integral part of Unbalance of payment. If imports cxceeel exports, a country has a trade deficit, if the situation is the opposite, a country achieves a trade surplus
Almost every country in the world has its national currency. Some countries share a common currency, for example, the 13 European I'nion member countries.
An exchange rate is the price of a currency. Like any price it is decided by supply ami demand in the market.
The rate of exchange is the equilibrium between elemanel for the currency and its supply.
A change in the exchange rate of the currency always has an impact on the country's ee'onomy. For example, if the rate of exchange1
rises, the country's goods get more expensive and demand for them abroad falls. As a residt the country's exports may decrease.
Unit 19
I The exchange rate may affect the whole economy: interest rates, balance of payments and economic growth.
' When a currency is free floating the government does not control its rate of exchange and the currency is priced by the market.
3 When a government wants its national currency to float with some other currency, for example, the dollar or the euro, it pegs it to that currency.
4 If a government wants to maintain the rate of its national currency, it has to sell or to buy it or other currencies on the international money market.
5 All countries can have absolute and comparative advantages. If an economy can produce goods at a lower cost than other countries or has resources others do not have then the country has absolute advantage.
6 An economy has comparative advantage when it can produce something at a lower opportunity cost than other countries.
7 In some cases countries have to restrict trade with other countries. For example, a government may increase tariffs on imports or impose import quotas.
Unit 20
1 There are several ways to measure how developed a country is. They are, first of all, life expectancy, education level and real income of the population.
2 In the less developed countries of the world many people die of hunger or because of poverty and millions of people can neither read nor write.
3 The populations of the poorest countries suffer from natural disasters, serious diseases like AIDS and cholera are also widespread.
4 The Russian empire stretched from Poland in the West to the Pacific Ocean in the East. Russia had the biggest territory, but
economically it was far behind the leading world powers.
5 The Russian empire preserved a feudal economic system and subsistence farming; most of the population remained serfs till 1861.
6 Russia's industrial base was poorly developed and the population was mainly illiterate and unskilled. In the country there were few factories. Mechanical engineering was not developed during this period.
7 The emancipation of serfs and increased foreign investments helped Russian to build up manufacturing industries. The steel industry was rapidly developed, a railway network was constructed, and mining output increased.
Unit 21
1 In Moscow in the 1990s, state-run shops with few consumer goods were replaced by expensive shopping centres. The city has become one of the most expensive cities in the world.
2 At the beginning of the 1990s the Russian government used a 'shock therapy' approach. Severe fiscal and monetary measures were introduced. Government controls over prices for all consumer goods except for staple goods were lifted.
3 In the period before the crisis, taxes and interest rates were raised and subsidies to state industries were cut. Events in the banking system caused the money supply to balloon.
4 The Soviet Union traded mainly with the Gomecon countries. Primary products and energy resources were traded under full control of foreign trade prices.
5 Russia's foreign trade turnover has been rising lately with exports growing in value much faster than imports.
6 Russia exports primary products: oil, natural gas, timber, metals, steel, fish. Oil and gas make up about two-thirds of Russia's exports.
Macmillan Guide to Economics translation Work 119 |
. Most manufacturing industries are uncompetitive and run-down. That is why it is necessary to invest oil money in infrastructure and capital.
GLOSSARY
A
absolute advantage /.sebs^luit advcoitidj/
a6cojrroTHoe npeifMymecTBO
abundance /a'bAndsns/ h306mine
access to smth /aekses/ poCTyn (k neMy-AuOo)
accommodation ^komo'deijan/ vKiuibC
to affect /a'fekt/ oxasbiBaTb bji Mamie (uacmo Hezamuenoe)
affordable /s'foidsbl/ no cpegcTBaM
aggregate /aegrigat/ coBOKyimbiii
assets /assets/ aKTHBbi; hmviucctbo
ATM /,ei ti: 'em/ (automatic teller machine /aita'maetik 'tela ma'Ji:n/) SaHKOMaT
auction /oikjn/ ayKUHOH
autarchy /o:ta:ki/ aBTapKHa (aKOHOMmecKuu peMUM cmpanbi, npednojiazawmuu ee com006ecnehehue u omcymcmeue mopzoeozo o6m€HU c dpyzoMU cmpanaMu)
average /aevsrids/ cpejpuiii
B
baby boom generation /beibi,bu:m d3ena,reifn/ noKOJieHiie, pojjHBiiieecH nocjie BTOpOM MHpoBofl BOHHbi b nepiiofl 6yMa po^qaeMOCTH
balance of payments /baetans av 'peimants/ njiaTe>KHbiH SajiaHc
to balloon /b?'lu:n/ pac™ 30 orpoMHbix pa3\iepoB
to ban /baen/ 3anperaTb
to ban trade /baen 'treid/ 3anpeTHTb ToproBnio
band /baend/ HHTepBaji, flnanasoH
bank account /baeqk a,kaunt/ 63hkobckhh cwt
bargain /ba:gin/ cjtejiKa; Bbiro^Hoe npnoopeTeHHe
barrier /baeri9(r)/ 6apbep
bartering /ba:terii]/ (m.w. barter) oapTep.
TOBapOOOMCH
basket of goods /,ba:skit sv 'godz/ KOpsnHa
TOBapOB
to be at risk /,bi: at 'risk/ pucKOBaTb
to be in short supply /,bi: in,|o:t sa'plai/ SbiTb b HeoojibtuoM, orpaHm-ieHHOM KOJinnecTBe (o moeape)
to be pegged against smth /,bi: pegd a'genst
,SAtT10ir]/ 6bITb IlpHBHJHHHbIM k HeMy-Jin6o
(10 ecuifome)
benefit /benifit/ 1. npeHMymecTBo 2. Bbiro,qa, npiiobuib
Black Tuesday /.blaek 'tju;zdei/ MepHbiii btophhk boom /bu:m/ 6yM
to borrow money /.borao mAni/ 6paTb b aojit
borrowing /borsuii]/ aaeM
bottom line /botam 'lain/ npaicT»[2]iecKnfi
pe3y^bTaT, iiTor
budget constraints /bAd-yt kan,streints/ orpaHHneHHH aeHeacHbix cpencTB; SioflJKeTHbie orpaHHMeHHH
bundle /liAiidl/ Ha6op; KOp3HHa (moeapoe) business cycle /btznas saikl/ skoh omh uec kmh
LJHKJ1. I^HKJI flCJIOBOH 3KTHBHOCTH
to buy smth on credit /,bai,SAm6ii] on 'kredit/ nokynatb mto-jih6o b kpefliit
c
to calculate /kaelkjuleit/ paccmiTbiBaTb; nejiaxb BbiMMCJieHMH
capacity /ka'paesati/ MomHocTb
capital goods /kaepitl gudz/ iiHBecTMLyioHHbie TOBapti; KannTajibHbie 6,fiara
capital-intensive /,kaepitl in'tensiv/ KanHTajioeMKHH
cash /kaeJV HajiHHHbie jjem>rH
cash till /kaej,til/ Kacca (e Maza3une, daHKe)
Chancellor of the Exchequer /tjaenssbfr) av 5i iks'tjeko(r)/ Kamyiep Ka'iHa'iencTBa (.uuHucmp <pUHUhcoe Be a u KoOpuman u u)
to charge a price /,tja:d3 a 'prais/ B3biMaTb ijeHy
to charge for service /tja:d3 fo: 's3:vis/ opaTb njiaTy 3a ycjiyry
to charge interest on loans /tjaids intrast dii,bonz / HanHCJiHTb npoi;eHTbi Ha KpejpiTbi
chart /tja:t/ rpacj)HK
cheque book Ajekbok/ neKOBaa KitiuKKa to collect a tax /ka,lekt a taeks/ cooiipaTt Hajior to collect data /ksjekt deits/ cooupaTt, ^aHHbie colony /kDbni/ kojiohhh
COMECON /kDmikDn/ (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance or Aid)
COBCT 3KOHOMH<ieCKOH B'iaHMOnOMOlHH
(coiiuaAUcmunecKux cmpaa Eeponbi), C3B
commodity /ks'mDdsti/ TOBap (npeimymecmeeHHO dupMeeou ujiu cbipteeou)
commodity money /ka modati,m,\ni/ TOBapHbie neHbrn
comparative advantages /ksm.paeranv gd'vaaitidjiz/ cpaBHMTejibHbie npeHMymecTBa
to compete /kam'piit/ KOHKypnpoBaTb
competition /.knmpa'tij'n/ KOHKypeHuua
concept /konsept/ noHanie; KOHuenuna
consequence /konstkwans/ nocjiencTBue
constant return to scale /konstant ri,t3:n ts skeil/ nocTOHHHbifi BoiBpaT k MaciLiTaSy; nOCTOHHHLIH 3C|x|ieKT MaCUiTa6a npOH3BOACTBa
consumer choice /kar^sjuimalr) 'tjbis/ BbiSop nOTpeGirre.nn
consumer goods /konsjii:ni3(r) gudz/ noTpeSHxejibCKHe TOBapbi
consumption /ksn'sAmpJn/ noTpeojiemie
to contract /kan'traekt/1. yMeHbuiaxbcsi (e
pCl3M.epe, 06-beM.e) 2. 3aKJ1MDliaTb KOHTpaKT
control over price /kantraul.auva 'prais/ KOHTpOJlb Hafl IteHOH
convenience /ksii'viinisns/ SjiaronpuaTHaa B03M0>KH0CTb, frnaronpHHTHoe noJtoxceHHe
conveyer belt /kan'vera.belt/ (mM. conveyer) KOHBeuep
copper/kDpa/ \ieflb
cost /knst/ (oohtuno mil n.) eroiiMOCTb. m,iep>KKn {pacxoOw (pup.uht na npou.uwdcnuio monapoK iuu ycAxt a meiienue onpede.iemmo nepuoda ape Menu)
to cost a fortune /knst o fo:tJu:n/ ctohti> hcjioc
COCTOHHMC
cost of living /'knst ov liviq/ ypouenb >kh5hh
cost-push inflation /knst |>oJ' infleifn/ HHtjj.namifli unepXvCK (wub.uutuH. ahLUAMicMan xMt'Hbuiemu'M coeoKxnuoio npe<). uwe huh a pt'.ixAhtname poema ujdep.vceK npoiuaodnma: conpoeoMtkwmi n coKpaiueimeM pciubHoeo oohCMu npou.itiodcnuui u yee. uowiuu'm ne.ipanonumu)
counterfeit /kaontofit/ iio,%te.ibni>iu. (j)a;n>imiBbni
to cover loss /kwotr) Ins/ noKpbiBarb yftbiTMi
cowry /kauri/ Kaypn (paKoaum. MMemuoman ilf/iWH a HfKomopiAX >uu mux Asuu it AtftpiiKu)
lo crash /kra*J7 {of a market) pyxHYTb (o phinxe)
credit card /kredit ka:d/ Kpc.iHTHaa Kapra
crook krok/ moiiichhhk
cross-sectional analysis. krns sek fnnl onaslnsis/ crp\ k i \ pHi>tii aniiitrj
crude oil /.kru:d oil/ (chipan) nec|rri>
culprit /kAlprit/ npiimuia (ueeo- juno tuo.xoto)
currency /kAionsi/ Ba/noxa
curve /k iiv. KpuBUM
custom /kAstom/ oobiMafi
customer /k\stomo(r)/ noKymne.ib. K.meur
122 M * •••» Cod* to Fteoo*i(j Gloss a-/ |
cyclical unemployment /saikhkl Aiiimploimonl/ mtK.iH'iecKajt oe jpaoonma
damage to Ihe environment /.(keniid.s tr> Oi: m vair?nmont/ ymepfi oKpwkatomen cpe;te
datum /dehorn/ (mh. u. data),untune:;uinnan BC.lH'lIIHa
debt /det/ao.u
to default on a loan /difn:lt t>n o bun/ OTKa ja i bcn Bepny ri> kjxmht
deflation /di:fleifn/,ie<jriHiui5i
(<vaiMenue oomeeo xpomn nen, nponecc npomuaono. WMHhtu umf).innuii)
degree /di tjri:/ cxeneiib
demand /di nm:nd/ cupoc
deinand-pull inflation /diniuind pol in'fleifn/
HHfjVIHUHH ClipOCa {wujUHUUSi. (iblSblfUtCMUH yec.umcHueM coeoKymow enpoca)
deposit /di pn/it/ bk.ku
to deposit /di pnzit/;ie.iaTb bk:m;i
deregulation /dkregju leijn/ pairocyjiajKmienne; yvieHbiiienne BMeinare.ibCTBa roeyaapcTBa b jkohomiiky;;io{xm y.inpoBanue
designer store Ah zamo sto:/ \ianmtn;ut jaitHepckoii o;iexjp»t. mcoc.ih 11 up.
designing /di zamiiy KoncTpy iipoBaniie
discount /diskaont/ CKiuKa
to discourage sinb from doing smth /disk.\rid^ sAtnwMi from du:iq SAm0iq/ ne;ianan> komv,ih6o,ie;ian> hto;ih6o
dis-econoiny of scale /disiknnomi r>\ skeil/ upouecc. ooparnbin jkohomiiu na Macurraoe
disposable income /di,spauzabl 'mkAm/ aoxoa, KOTOpbiM pacnojiaraeT jihijo nocjie ynjiaTbi HaJlOrOB, B3HOCOB B CnCTCMy CTpaXOBaHUH h Jtpyrux BbnieTOB
to distribute /di'stribju:t/ pacnpejjejiHTb
distribution /,drstri'bju:Jn/ pacnpefleneHne
division of labour /di,vi;$n av 'leiba(r)/ pa3^eJieHHe Tpyna
divorce rate /di'vo:s reit/ ypoBeHb p a3BO.no b
domestic consumption /da,mestik kan'SAtnpJn/ bh yTpeHHee norpeojieHiie
domestic economy /da.mestik I'konami/
BHyTpeHKHH 3KOHOMHK3
drawback /dr^baek/ HeaocTaTOK drought /draut/ 3acyxa
E
earnings /3:nnjz/ 3apa6oTaHHbie fleHbni; aoxo/jbi
economic thinking /iika.rromik Giqkii]/ 3K0H0MHHecK0e MbiuuieHHe
economy of scale /i.konami av "skeil/ 3kohommh Ha MacujTaSe; 3cj)(^eKT MacwTaoa npon3BojtCTBa
effect /ifekt/ Bmiamie; B03fl,eMCTBne
emancipation of serfs /i,msensi peijn av S3 it's/ OCBOOOyK^CHHe KpeiTOCTHblX; OTMeHa KpenocTHoro npaBa
embargo /rm'bcugau/ 3M6apro, 3 a riper
empirical /impirikl/ 3MnnpnMecKnfi, oiimthmh, ocHOBaHHbiii Ha onbiTe
employer /im'plora(r)/ paSoToaaTejib to encourage smb to do smth /in,kArid3,SAmwAn ta 'du:,SAm9ii]/ noompHTb Koro-juioo nejiaTb MTO-JIH6O
end product /end prodAkt/ (/Toc.final product) KOHeMHbift npouyKT
to enjoy a monopoly /in^ai a ma'nopali/ oojiaflaTb MOHononHeH
to enjoy surplus /in.djoi 's3:pbs/ no/iyiaTb M36blTOK
to enter the market /,enta(r) 6a 'ma:kit/
BBIXOflHTb Ha pbtHOK
entrepreneurship /,onti'apra'n3:(r)fip/ npeflnpiiHi-iMarejibCTBo
equilibrium point /iikwi'libriam.point/TO-nta paBHOBeCHfl
equipment /I'kwipmant/ oSopyAOBaHtie
equity /ekwati/ cnpaBejt-ni-iBOCTb
to eradicate /i raedikeit/ HCKOpettHTb
essential /i'senj'1/ cymecTBeHHbiit, oMeHb BajKHbiM
estate A'steit/ noMecTbe, liMCHne
euro zone /juarau,zaun/ eBposoHa, 30Ha eBpo (exodum 13 cmpan-HJienoe EeponeucKozo Coio3a)
exception to the law /ik,sepfn ta 5a 'b:/ ncKJHOMeniie H3 aaKona
to exchange /iks'tjeind3/ oOMeHimaTb
exchange rate /iks'tjemdj reit/ ooMeHHhift hjih BajnoTHbift Kypc
exchange rate mechanism /iks.tjeindj reit 'mekanizlalm/ BajnoTHblfl MexaHHiM. MexaHH3M OOMeHHblX KypCOB
_ _ _ _
to expand business /ik,spaend 'biznas/ paCLUHpHTb 6n3HeC
to expand production /ik,spaend pra'dAkJn/ paCUIHpHTb npOH3BOflCTBO
expatriate /eks'paetrieit/ 3MurpaHrr; oe/KeHeu,; SKcnaTpHaHT (nejioeeK, dodpoeoAbno uau npunydumeAbHO noKunyemuu poduny)
expenditure /ik'spenditjafr)/ pacxogbi (ocodeHHo zocydapcmeeHHbie)', 3aTpan>i, 113aep>KKH
to exploit advantages /ik.sploit 3d'va:ntid3iz/ Hcn0Jib30BaTb npeviMymecTBa
extent /ik'stent/ CTeneHb; o6teM
externalities /,ekst3:'n3el3tiz/ SKCTepHajimi, BHeuuHHe 3cJ)t})eKTbi (nocjiedcmeuH npou36odcmeeHHou u nompedumeJibCKou denmeAbHocmu 3 kohomuhcckux cy6i>eKmo6, Koceenuo ornpaw a m 10, u ecu Ha pbtHKe)
124 Macmillan Guide to Economics Glossary |
extreme poverty /ik'stri:m pDvsti/ Kpaimaa Ge^HocTb
F
factors of production /.faektoz sv pra'dAkJn/ (land, labour and capital) cfjaKTOpbi npOMSBO^CTBa (3e.MjiH, mpyd u KanumaA)
fake /feik/ noflfjejiKa
fiat money /fi:aet,mAni/ SyMajKHbie fleHbri-i (ne
oOecnenenHbie 30A0m0M)
fiscal policy /,fiskl 'potasi/ Haji0r0B0-6i0fl}KeTHafl
nojiHTHKa
fixed costs /.fikst 'kosts/ nocToaHHbie ireaepacKH (■samparrtbi (pupMbi, aejuimiHa Komopbix ne MennemcH npu u3MeneHuu o6 ~be.uo8 ebtnycKa (pupMbi)
fixed exchange rate /fikst iks'tjeinds reit/
C^HKCHpOBaHHblH BtJJIFOTHblfl KypC
fixed income /.fikst 'inkAm/ nocTosHHbm floxofl
foreign exchange market /tbrin iks'tjemds 'ma:kit/ BajiioTHbiH pbiHOK
to forge money /fo:dj mAni/ noAfle^bmaTb HeHbrn
Forex /fDriks/ (coxp. ot foreign exchange; niM. FX) eajuoTa
free enterprise /,fri: 'entspraiz/ cBooo/moe npennpHHHMaTejibCTBO
free floating mechanism /fri:,fl3otn] meksnrz(o)m/ MexaHH3M CBODOflHoro ruiaBaHHH BaJIIOTbl
free schooling /,frii 'skuiliq/ Cecn.iarHoe uiKOJibHoe oopa^oBaHHe
freelance /friilams/ BHeurraTHbiH; He3aBHCHMbift
frictional unemployment /.frikjsnl Amm'pbimsnt/ cJipHKujiOHHajL oespaGonma
(6e3pa6omuu ,a, censaHHan c doGpoeoAbnou CMenou padoHUMit Mecma pa6ombi u nepaodaMU epeMennozo yeoAbHenun)
G
to gain /gein/ npnoSpeTaTb
GDP per capita /d3i: di:,pi: par kaeprta/ BBFI Ha ayuiy Hacejieroifl
to go bankrupt /gsu 'baeqkrApt/ oSaHKpoTHTbca
to go on strike /,gau on 'straik/ o6tHB.nHTb 3a6acroBKy
goods /gudz/ TOBapbi
Great Depression /,greit dfprejn/ BejiHKaa ^enpeccHH
Gross Domestic Product /,graos da,mestik 'prodAkt/ (GDP) BajioBbift BHyTpeHHiifi npoayKT (BBfl)
Gross National Product /,graus.naejanl prodAkt/ (GNP) BajioBbift HauHonajibHbiH npoayKT (BHfl)
H
to hamper development /.haempa di'velapmant/ npenaTCTBOBaTb pa3BMTHK>
hardship /ha:djip/ TpyflHOCTM, jmmeHHa, HeB3roflbi
hardworking /,ha:dw3:kii)/ npHJie>KHbiH
health bill /hel8 bil/ chbt 3a MeflmjHHCKHe ycjiyrn
healthcare /hele,kea/ j^paBOoxpaHem-ie
heating fuel /hi:tiq fjuial/ toiijihbo
high street bank /hai,stri:t,bxqk/ 6aHK, OTflejieHita KOTOporo HaxoHHTCH Ha LjeHTpanbHbix yjimjax 6ojibtiiHHCTBa ropo,noB crpaHbi
high tech industries /hai,tek indastriz/ BbiC0K0TexH0Ji0rHMHbie orpacjiH
to hold value /.haold vaelju:/ coxpaHHTb
CTOMMOCTb
horizontal axis /hon,zontl 'aeksis/ ropiooHTajibHaa ocb horizontal takeover /hori,ZDntl 'teikauva(r)/ r0pH30HTajibH0e nomomeHHe
household /haushaold/ /lOMaumee xo33hctbo
household budget /haushauld bAdjit/ ceMeHHbiii 6ioy>K.eT
housing /hauziq/ auuibe; ^KumiLUHoe
CTpOHTeJTbCTBO
hyperinflation /haiparin'fleijn/ rHnepHH^nsmnH
I
imperfect competition /imlp3:fikt kompa'tifn/ HecOBepmeHHaa KOHKypenunn (pttHOK, zde cymecmeyem onpedeneHHan ejiacmb Had u,eHou co cmopoubi odnozo imu nectcoAbKux npomeodumejieii)
in bulk /in 'bAlk/ oiitom, b dojibiuoM KOJiHMecTBe
incentive /in'sentiv/ cTiivryji
income effect /inkAm r'fekt/ 3t|)4»eKT floxo^a (eo3deucmeue, Komopoe u3M.eH.eHue i^enu moeapa OKa3bieaem na peajibHbtu doxod nompe6umejin u coomeemcmeeHHO na KOAUHecmea moeapa, Komopoe nompedumeAb zomoe Kynumb)
income tax /inkAm taeks/ noaoxoflHbifi Hajior
indifference curve /in'difrans k3:v/ kphbuh 6e3pa3JiHHH«(Kpuean, noKa3bieafoman pa3AUHHbie KOM6uHau,uu deyx npodyKmoe, uMetow,ux oduwKoeoe nompedumeAbCKoe 3HaneHuey uau noAe3Hocmb, dAH nompedumeAa)
industrialised nations /m,dAstrialaizd neijnz/ npOMblLHJieHHO pa3BHTbie CTpaHbl
inelastic /ini'laestik/ HeajiacTHHHbrit
inequality /ini.kwDlatt/ HepaBeHCTBO
infrastructure /mfrastrAktJa(r)/ h h pacxpy KTy p a
inherent /in'bra rant/ npncyiUHH, CBOHCTBeHHbift
interest on loan /intrast Dn,bun/ upoaeHT no KpejyiTy
interest rate /intrast reit/ npoijeHTHaa CTaBKa
intrinsic /in'trinsik/ npucymira, cbohctbchhmh
'invisible hand' /in,vizabl 'haend/ «HeBimiiMaa pyKa» ipbiHKa)
iron and steel industries /,ai9n an sti:l.indAStriz/ HvryHHaa 11 CTajiejiHTeimaa OTpacmi
iron /aian/ >KCJte3o; iyryH
K
knock-on effect /nokDii ifekt/ (mM. knockon h knock on) 3(j)c|^eKT jjomhho
L
labour /leiba(r)/ Tpy/j
labour-intensive /leibar in'tensiv/ Tpy30cmkuh
landlord /laend,b:d/ nOMeujHK
law of diminishing returns /lo: av di.minifiq
ri't3:nz/ jaKOH ySbiBaiomeM oTflacm (npuHiiun, couiacHO KomopoMy dono.iHume.ibHoe ucnoJib306<mue nepeMeHHo?o pecypca npu HCU3M£HHOM KOAUHECmee HOCmOHHHOZO pecypca c onpedejieHHOio MOMeuma eedem k C0Kpau{eHuw npedeAbuou omdanu uau npedeAbuozo npodyicma)
1M a c m i 11 a n Guide to Economics Glossary |
to lay off /lei 'of/ vRo.ibHaTb legal monopoly /,li:gl ma'nopali/ MOHonojuia, co'i^aHHaa KipHflimecKHM nyreM
to lend money /lend 'm,\ni/ ccyacaxb jjeHbrn, flaaaTb b ^ojir
lender /lenda(r)/ KpesiiTop
life expectancy /laif ik,spektansi/
npOaOJDKHTejIbHOCTb JKH3HII
liquidity /li'kwidati/ jihkbhhhocTb
long run /Ini] r\i\f fljiHTejibHbiH, nojirocpoqHbiH
luxuries /Ukjariz/ npentueTbi pocKoiim
M
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