Which of the following is a function of the muscular system?

	Which of the following is a function of the muscular system? 1) produces movement 2) removes lactic acid 3) production of red blood cells 4) synthesis of steroids The contractile unit of a skeletal muscle. 1) myofibrils 2) actin filaments 3) myosin filaments 4) sarcomere
The striated, or striped, appearance of skeletal muscles is caused by which of the following? 1) only myosin filaments 2) sarcomere 3) only actin filaments 4) myofibrils	According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, ________________. 1) both actin and myosin slide toward the center of the cell 2) actin forms a covalent bond with myosin 3) myosin slides along actin 4) actin slides along myosin
Which of the following is smallest? 1) actin filament 2) myosin filament 3) myofibril 4) sarcomere	What is the first energy source for muscle contraction at the molecular level? 1) respiration 2) ATP 3) creatine phosphate 4) myosin head molecules
Tropomyosin-troponin complex controls muscle contraction by ____________. 1) covering the myosin heads 2) contracting the myofilaments 3) splitting the ATP into ADP and P 4) accelerating actin contraction	Where are the calcium ions, needed for muscle contraction, stored? 1) sarcoplasmic reticulum 2) sarcomere 3) ribs 4) transverse tubules
The junction between a motor neuron and a muscle cell is called a ____________. 1) vesicle 2) motor nerve union 3) neurotransmitter 4) neuromuscular junction	What chemical causes the permeability of the muscle cell membrane to change? 1) calcium 2) ATP 3) actin activator 4) acetylcholine
A motor unit is a _______________________. 1) motor neuron and the spinal nerves it stimulates 2) sensory neuron and the muscle cells it stimulates 3) motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates 4) the bound actin and myosin filaments	The strength of a contraction depends upon the number of ______________ involved. 1) neurotransmitter molecules 2) motor units 3) motor neurons 4) neuromuscular junctions
Endurance sports, as opposed to sports requiring fast-twitch muscles, require stores of ____________ found in the muscles. 1) glycogen 2) ATP 3) glucose 4) creatine phosphate	Which of the following is more powerful? 1) fast-twitch muscles 2) slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles have the same strength 3) mixed muscles 4) slow-twitch muscles
Which of the following would build the largest muscles? 1) aerobic exercise 2) electrically stimulated exercise 3) resistance exercise 4) anaerobic exercise	1. During which phase of the meiotic cell cycle does DNA replication occur? a. interphase b. prophase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase
7. At which stage of meiosis do chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes? a. metaphase I b. anaphase I c. metaphase II d. anaphase II e. telophase II	8. A human cell containing 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes is... a. a somatic cell of a male b. a zygote c. a somatic cell of a female d. a sperm cell e. an ovum
9. A _____________ is the complete set of chromosomes of an organism, arranged and displayed in pairs and ordered by size. (Select the BEST answer.) a. genome b. karyotype c. nucleus d. heredity e. gene	10. Which 2 cells would be more genetically similar to each other? a. two gametes produced by the same person b. two somatic cells produced by the same person c. two eggs produced by the same woman d. two sperm produced by the same man
The normal human chromosome diploid number is: a) 23 b) 24 c) 46 d) 48	Which of the following is an example of monosomy? a) 46,XX b) 47,XXX c) 69,XYY d) 45,X
The most common chromosome abnormality in first trimester spontaneous miscarriages is: a) trisomy. b) monosomy. c) triploidy. d) tetrasomy.	Which of the following karyotypes is not compatible with survival to birth? a) 47,XY,+13 b) 47,XX,+18 c) 47,XY,+21 d) 45,Y
The progressive loss of bone that often accompanies aging is called: 1) rheumatoid arthritis 2) osteoarthritis 3) osteoporosis	Which of the following is not a contributing factor to bone loss? 1) exercise 2) menopause 3) smoking
What is a major contributor to wrinkles? 1) lotion 2) sun exposure 3) dry skin	Aging skin can lead to a deficiency in what vitamin? 1) vitamin A 2) vitamin B12 3) vitamin D
Excessive pressure inside the eyeball produces: 1) presbyopia 2) glaucoma 3) cataracts	Why do many older people have a decreased sense of taste? 1) because taste receptors break down 2) because the tongue loses elasticity 3) because the sense of smell weakens
What is the Use It and Lose It Theory? 1) a theory for how people age 2) a theory for how to lose weight 3) a theory for the onset of dementia	Alternative forms of genes are called alleles. 1) autosomes. 2) telomeres. 3) synonyms. 4) genomes.
Humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes. 1) 55 2) 12 3) 46 4) 23 5) 60	What type of allele will be expressed if both dominant and recessive alleles are present for a given trait? 1) Recessive 2) Segregated 3) Somatic 4) Autosomal 5) Dominant
A person who inherits the A and the O blood type alleles will possess which blood type 1) B 2) Cannot be determined 3) O 4) AB 5) A	Males tend to inherit more sex-linked conditions because 1) they have two Y chromosomes. 2) there is no corresponding alleles on their X chromosomes. 3) they have two X chromosomes. 4) there is no corresponding allele on their Y chromosomes. 5) they have more chromosomes than females.
A change in the genetic structure of a gene is called 1) duplication. 2) translocation. 3) inversion. 4) mutation. 5) deletion	The expression of genes is called the 1) genome. 2) autotype. 3) pedigree. 4) genotype. 5) phenotype.
Traits that display continuous phenotypic variation are usually determined by this form of inheritance 1) incomplete dominance. 2) polygenic. 3) dominant-recessive. 4) multiple-allele. 5) sex-linked.	What is the probability of having a recessive trait child if both parents are heterozygous for the trait? 1) 75% 2) 100% 3) 50% 4) 10% 5) 25%
A type of treatment useful in correcting single gene disorders is 1) genetic dysplasia. 2) somatic recombination. 3) amniocentesis. 4) gene therapy. 5) chorionic villi sampling.	Heterozygous individuals that may pass on recessive, abnormal conditions are referred to as 1) recessively compromised. 2) carriers. 3) deleterious donators. 4) zygotic. 5) phenotypically challenged.
Genes that are located on the same chromosome are said to be 1) tied. 2) linked. 3) crossed. 4) syncopated. 5) dominant	In the human blood type AB, the alleles are 1) sex-linked. 2) codominant. 3) dominant. 4) polygenic
If a male inherits a sex-linked gene for color blindness 1) it will never be expressed. 2) it will always be expressed. 3) It will only be expressed 25% of the time. 4) it will be expressed only if 2 copies are present.	The appearance of freckles is considered 1) the phenotype. 2) the genotype. 3) the genome. 4) sex-linked.
A person without a Y chromosome will always show male characteristics. 1) show both male and female characteristics. 2) be sterile, but show male characteristics. 3) always show female characteristics.	During which stage of the cell cycle are genes and chromosomes duplicated? 1) metaphase 2) prophase 3) telophase 4) interphase 5) anaphase
The 46 chromosomes of a zygote come from 1) the egg. 2) half from the mother and half from the father. 3) the sperm.	Which of the following would be a valuable application of a karyotype? A) Microscopic analysis could allow identification of unusual cellular structures. B) An individual could be matched to a forensic sample based on identical karyotypes. C) A specific gene which causes a genetic disorder could be identified. D) Genetic disorders caused by chromosomal rearrangements could be diagnosed. E) All of the above.
With regard to their chromosomes, what is a major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A) Eukaryotes are diploid while prokaryotes are haploid. B) Prokaryotes have DNA located in their cytoplasm, while all the DNA in eukaryotic cells is located inside a membrane bound nucleus. C) Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes while most prokaryotes contain a single circular chromsome. D) Prokaryotes compact their DNA to a high degree while eukaryotes maintain the chromosomes in an uncompacted state.	Where do the spindle fibers connect to the chromosomes? A) To the centromere. B) To the kinetochore. C) To the centriole. D) To the centrosomes.
Which of the following events does not occur during prophase? A) Condensation of chromosomes. B) Formation of the mitotic spindle. C) Duplication of the DNA. D) Fragmentation of the nuclear membrane.	What is the characteristic feature of metaphase? A) The chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell. B) The chromosomes have been duplicated and consist of sister chromatids. C) Kinetochores are connected to kinetochore microtubules. D) Sister chromatids have been separated.
During which phase of meiosis are homologous chromosomes separated? A) Metaphase I B) Metaphase II C) Anaphase I D) Anaphase II	How are meiosis and gametogenesis linked in plants? A) Meiosis produces haploid gametes directly. B) Meiosis produces haploid gametes that are then modified by the sporophyte to produce functional gametes. C) Meiosis produces a haploid cell that divides by mitosis to form a gametophyte, which then produces gametes by mitosis. D) They are not linked in any way.

Blood types are controlled by three alleles A, B, O. A and B are co-dominants and O is recessive to both A and B. The following genotypes and resultant phenotypes are possible:

Type A blood can have these genotypes: LALA and LALO

Type B blood can have these genotypes: LBLB and LBLO

Type AB (universal recipient) can have this genotype: LALB

Type O (universal donor) can have this genotype: LOLO

1. A woman homozygous for blood type B marries a man that is heterozygous for blood type A. State the possible phenotypic ratios of the offspring.

2. A man with blood type O marries a woman with blood type AB. State the possible phenotypic ratios of the offspring.

3. A type B woman whose mother was type O marries a type O man. What are the possible phenotypic ratios of their offspring?

4. A type A woman whose father was type B marries a type B man whose mother was was type A. What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?

5. What is the probability that a couple whose blood types are AB and O will have a type A child?

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