Exploration and Colonization of North America

Exploration and Colonization of North America

1.Expeditions to the New World

Christopher Columbus

On the 3d of August in 1492 /set sail from Spain

-San Salvador – Holy Savior

-in the Indies, a group of islands close to the mainland of India

- “los Indios”

The monks and The Vikings

- Hoei-Shin/ from China to Mexico in AD 459

- Brendan the Bold/ in AD 551

- Leif Ericson/ in AD 1000

- in 1170 Prince Madoc, a Welsh explorer/ Mobile Bay (Alabama)

- whorl - блок веретена/ spindle (веретено)

Amerigo Vespucci

- Martin Waldseemüller, a German scholar, named the lands beyond the Atlantic America

Spanish settlements

- treasure-hungry Spanish conquistadors

-Hernan Cortes (conquered the Aztecs in the 1520s),

-Francisco Pizarro (attacked the Incas of Peru in the 1530s),

-Hernando de Soto (traveled from Florida to Texas and Oklahoma), }

Francisco Coronado (went north from Mexico to Kansas and back).}between 1539 and 1543.

- Ponce de Leon, a Spanish conquistador claimed Florida for Spain

- In 1565- St. Augustine (Florida)- the first permanent European settlement.

2. British settlement (the Virginia Company) and three important events in its life.

- on May 20 in 1607/in honor of James I, king of England/ Jamestown- the first lasting English settlement in America

- The Jamestown settlers were employees of the Virginia Company. (By April 1608, out of a total of 197 Englishmen who had landed in Virginia only fifty-three were still alive.)

- plentiful land

- in 1619 the Virginia Company shipped over a group of ninety young women as wives for its settlers./ 120 pounds weight of best tobacco leaf

- a prison camp/ Sir Walter Raleigh/ John Rolfe discovered how to dry, or "cure," the leaves/1613

- "indentured servants"

- In 1619 - the House of Burgesses (зд.=representatives)

- in August 1619 - twenty captured black Africans

- By 1624 V.C. had run out of money./ Out of nearly 10,000 settlers sent out since 1607, a 1624 census showed only 1,275 survivors.

3. Religious groups.

Puritan New England

- Pilgrims/ the Pilgrim Fathers/ On September 16, 1620/ Plymouth/ the Mayflower/ the Mayflower Com­pact

- on November 9, 1620, it reached Cape Cod, a sandy hook of land in what is now the state of Massachusetts/ On December 21, 1620- camp Plymouth.

- on the 4th Thursday in November – Thanksgiving/ in 1621

- 10 years later - Boston area/ Puritans / persecution

- In 1691, the Boston settlement combined with the Plymouth colony under the name of Massachusetts.

- Pennsylvania was founded in1681 by William Penn under a charter from the English king, Charles II./Society of Friends, commonly called Quakers

- the Pennsylvania Dutch

4. Colonies

By the year 1733 the English owned thirteen separate colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America. In the far north was the New England group centered on Massachusetts. The Middle Colonies had New York and Pennsylvania as the biggest ones. The Southern Colonies of Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia formed the third group.

- In 1648 Semyon Dezhnev/ the Kolyma River/ the Anadyr River

- 1733-1743 - Vitus Bering/Alexei Chirikov

- On July 15 Chirikov - the west side of Prince of Wales Island/ the first Europeans to land on the northwestern coast of North America.

- On roughly July 16, Bering and the crew of the St. Peter sighted Mount Saint Elias on the Alaskan mainland.

- Bering's ship was wrecked on Bering Island.

- Bering's crew reached the shore of Kamchatka in 1742, carrying word of the expedition. The sea otter pelts they brought, soon judged to be the finest fur in the world, would spark Russian settlement in Alaska.

- The Russian-American Company (The Russian-American Company under Our Highest Protection (“highest” referring to Emperor Paul I (lived in1754-1801))) was a state-sponsored trading company formed largely on the basis of the so-called Shelikhov-Golikov Company.

- Chartered by Tsar Paul I (lived in1754-1801) in 1799, it was Russia's first joint-stock commercial enterprise, and came under the direct authority of the Ministry of Commerce of Imperial Russia.

- The company established Fort Ross in present day Sonoma County, California in 1812. (Under Emperor Aleksandr I (lived in 1777-1825)).

- 1841 the settlement's agricultural importance had decreased considerably/ fur-bearing marine mammals/ depleted

- The Russian-American Company consequently offered the settlement to various potential purchasers, and it was sold to John Sutter, a Mexican citizen of Swiss origin.

- Fort Ross State Historic Park

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