Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority via mechanisms such as legal systems can ultimately prescribe a conviction. The word crime, from the root of Latin cernō

Crime

Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority via mechanisms such as legal systems can ultimately prescribe a conviction. The word crime, from the root of Latin cernō = “I decide, I give judgment”. Originally the Latin word (aside from its lack of nasal aperatus) crīmen meant charge or cry of distress. The Ancient Greek word krima (κρίμα), from which the Latin cognate was derived, typically referred to an intellectual mistake or an offense against the community, rather than a private or moral wrong.

The following classes of offences are used, or have been used, as legal terms of art: offence against the person; violent offence; sexual offence; offence against property. In criminal law, an offence against the person usually refers to a crime which is committed by direct physical harm or force being applied to another person. They are usually analyzed by division into the following categories: Fatal offences; Sexual offences; Non-fatal non-sexual offences. They can be further analyzed by division into: Assaults and Injuries. Offences against the person are usually taken to comprise: Fatal offences/Murder/Manslaughter. Non-fatal non-sexual offences: Assault; Battery; Wounding or wounding with intent; Poisoning; Assault occasioning actual bodily harm (and derivative offences); Inflicting grievous bodily harm or causing grievous bodily harm with intent (and derivative offences).

United Kingdom: England and Wales: Fatal offences: Murder/Manslaughter/Corporate manslaughter/Infanticide. Non-fatal non-sexual offences: Assault/Battery.

Homicide (Latin: homicidium, Latin: homo human being + Latin: caedere to cut, kill) refers to the act of a human killing another human. Murder, for example, is a type of homicide. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always a punishable act under the criminal law, and is different than a murder from such formal legal point of view.

In English law, murder is considered the most serious form of homicide, in which one person kills another either intending to cause death or intending to cause serious injury (originally termed malice aforethought even though it requires neither malice nor premeditation). The mandatory sentence is life imprisonment.

In law, assault is a crime of violence against another person. Violence is the use of physical force to cause injury, damage or death.

Battery is a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault in that the contact is not necessarily violent.

A felony is a serious crime in the common law countries. The term originates from English common law where felonies were originally crimes which involved the confiscation of a convicted person’s land and goods; other crimes were called misdemeanors.

A misdemeanor, or a misdemeanour in many common law legal systems, is a lesser criminal act. In many common law jurisdictions (e.g. the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In trials for indictable offences, the accused normally has the right to a jury trial, unless he or she waives that right. In the United States, a crime of similar severity is a felony, although it too proceeds after an indictment.

An indictment, in the common-law legal system, is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that maintain the concept of felonies, the serious criminal offence is a felony; jurisdictions that lack the concept of felonies often use that of an indictable offence — an offence that requires an indictment.

U.S. classification In the United States since 1930, the FBI has tabulated Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) annually from crime data submitted by law enforcement agencies across the United States. Officials compile this data at the city, county, and state levels into the Uniform crime reports (UCR). They classify violations of laws which derive from common law as Part I (index) crimes in UCR data, further categorized as violent or property crimes. Part I violent crimes include murder and criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery; while Part I property crimes include burglary, arson, larceny/theft, and motor-vehicle theft. All other crimes count come under Part II.

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