Chapter 1 (pages 1-2)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
excavation - котлован
support - опора
hard hat - каска
carry out - выполнять (работы), производить
thinner - растворитель
caustic - едкая щелочь
electric shock - электрический шок
wiring - проводка
transformer - трансформатор
artificial respiration - искусственное дыхание
scaffolding - строительные леса
formwork - опалубка
timber - древесина
erect - возводить
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word:
voltage, machinery, weather, weakness, structural load, mask, less, rubber boots, edge, consequences
a In dry, dusty … you should always wear a … to cover your mouth and nose.
b In case you are working in wet weather you will need ….
c … shouldn’t be too close to the … of an excavation.
d Any … in the formwork could have dangerous ….
e The reduced … means that an electric shock is … likely to be fatal.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a dangerous / of / activities / Working / most/ is / on / scaffolding / the / one / building
b are / best / overalls / working / The / boots / and / clothes / strong
c often / wet / are / Because / sites / places / electric / possible / building / are / shocks
d from / not / a / cleared / in / Explosives / site / are / must / when / use / be / they
e skill / and / formwork / requires / the / experience / Erecting
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a One shouldn’t inspect the excavations daily, before anyone is allowed to work in them.
b Each site should have only one excavation.
c A considerable amount of petrol should be stored in a shed.
d Scaffolding carries structural loads and stresses.
e The weather and the soil do not influence the type of excavation.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What should you do if a person suffers an electric shock?
b What dangerous materials can be found on a site? How should they be stored?
c What are the peculiarities of working on scaffolding on a site?
d What is the working clothes used for?
e How can the number of accidents be reduced?
f What should one do while working in a deep excavation?
g Why is it so important to erect the formwork with skill and experience?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 1 (pages 3-4)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
inhale - вдыхать
wheelbarrow - тачка
trowel – мастерок, шпатель
external wall – наружная стена
brick - кирпич
screw – шуруп, винт
first aid box – аптечка
injure - ранить
ointment - мазь
disinfectant – дезинфицирующее средство
stay alert – быть настороже
fibre cement - шифер
2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a when / should / wear / handle / You / cement / you / gloves
b are / as / building / Health / on / important / and / as / hygiene /safety / sites
c your / can / you / gloves / Sharp / hand / injure / wear / unless / edges
d lifts / staircases / have / them / barriers / Holes / must / and / around / secure / for
e under/ be / a / dark / building / It / quite / can / inside / construction
3. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Every building site should have a first aid box.
b Openings in external walls do not need any barriers as there is no danger for workers.
c The site should employ someone who is experienced at first aid.
d Roofs built of fibre cement are hard enough to support a person’s weight.
e Working with cement is quite safe.
4. Answer the following questions:
a Why should one be careful while pushing the wheelbarrow with wet cement?
b What do healthy workers need?
c What do the safety measures for working on roofs include?
d What should the first aid box contain?
e Is working with bricks and blocks unsafe?
f Which type of roof requires extra care while moving about it?
g Is it necessary to have a source of artificial light inside a building under construction? Why?
5. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 2 (pages 5-6)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
durable material – долговечный материал
to deal with sth – иметь дело с чем-либо
structural engineer – инженер строитель
load – нагрузка
foundation – фундамент
beam – балка
roof trusses – стропильная конструкция
suspended floors – подвесные перекрытия
contractor – подрядчик
quantity surveyor – инженер сметчик
surveyor – землемер, геодезист
general foreman – старший прораб
trades people – рабочие (специалисты)
apprentice – новичок
labourer – чернорабочий
mortar - раствор
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
design, day-to-day, bill of quantities, carpentry, site, timber frame, layout, project, building, labourers, plumbing, grass
a Trades foremen are experienced at specific trades such as brickwork, … and ….
b … usually carry out physical tasks on a building ….
c The … team is responsible for the … and appearance of a ….
d A building can be constructed out of … or mud on a ….
e The quantity surveyor prepares a … for the building ….
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a also / the / for / design / jobs / is / responsible / The / administrative / team
b private / may / or / organization / be / A / commercial / a / individual / client / a
c jobs / do / trenches / Labourers / of / like / and / physical / carrying / digging / materials
d how / should / A / organize / general / know / workers / foreman / to / the
e of / A / technicians / design / and / consists / team / architects
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The mortar on the site is always mixed and carried by foremen.
b Design drawings and working drawings are prepared by a design team.
c Apprentice is the contractor’s representative on the site for large contracts.
d A client is one of the most important people in a building project.
e The shape of the building is laid out on the ground after the construction is finished.
5. Answer the following questions:
a Who are the members of a construction team?
b When the structural engineer should be employed?
c What should the general foreman know?
d Why do the trades people form a bulk of a construction team?
e What happens after structural drawings and calculations are produced?
f What responsibilities do the subcontractors have?
g What is a tender document which is offered to the client?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 2 (pages 7-8)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
equipment – оборудование
building regulations – строительные нормы и правила (СНиП)
appropriate materials – подходящие материалы
supplier – поставщик, снабженец
sanitary fitting – санитарно-техническая арматура
aggregates – заполнители
quarry – карьер
application form – заявка, заявление
altitude – высота
latitude – широта
longitude - долгота
2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a sand / quarries / usually / aggregates / Contractors / from / buy / and
b be / will / good / of / conditions / climatic / A / also / aware /technician / local
c The / that / make / the / area / fit / the / building / sure / planners / will / into
d the / building / an / inspector / role / projects / The / control / plays / building / and / important / in / of
e people / a / equipment / building / and / takes / materials / Constructing
3. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The merchants make all the materials needed to construct a building.
b Bricks and blocks are usually found and brought from abroad.
c The design and building teams are involved in a construction project only on the building site.
d Buildings are permanent features of the landscape in all countries.
e Merchants buy the building materials and sell them to the contractors.
4. Answer the following questions:
a What are the common categories of building types?
b How many categories of building use can you find in your own city or town?
c What do the planners do?
d Is there any difference between the planner and the building inspector?
e What is the technician’s job?
f Where are the building materials taken from?
5. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 3 (pages 9-12)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
in person – лично
surveying – геодезическая съемка
sloping site – местность с уклоном
level site – ровная местность
flood – наводнение, заливать, затоплять
mains water – водопровод
drainage – канализация
investigation – исследование (научное), расследование
sample – образец
manhole cover – крышка канализационного люка
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
survey drawing, amount, sample, manhole cover, suitability, floods, investigated, permanent, physical characteristics, costs, essential
a … serves as a … marker for ground level.
b The … of water in the ground is very … for the whole building project.
c Land that … regularly or has poor soil conditions also … more to develop.
d The … of a site should be … before the design work begins.
e A … is prepared to show the … of the site and the area around it.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a horizontal / levels / the / surveyor / how / out / is / and / to / site / the / finds / flat / The /vertical / determine
b for / the / building / may / in / which / area / The / be / of / a / determine / built / plan / district / types / can
c has / The / client / cost / a / consider / building / to / and / also / project / total / of
d transport / good / other / Houses / facilities / services / need / and / to / access
e client / At / to / has / the / first / identify / site / the
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The contract supervisor is the person to confirm whether the building line is correct.
b Spot levels show the direction and height of a slope on a survey drawing.
c There is no difference in price between the building project on a sloping site and the same project on a level site.
d The strength of the soil affects the design of the foundation.
e The position of the trees may influence the building design or construction work.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What is important to learn while investigating the site?
b What feature indicates the presence of drains below the ground?
c How can you learn as much about the proposed building site as you can?
d Who will dig trial holes to investigate the soil on the site?
e What does a site survey drawing include?
f What are the steps that you take to complete the site investigations?
g What marks or levels nearby can be used by a surveyor?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 4 (pages 13-17)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
elevation – вертикальная проекция здания, фасад
scale – масштаб
verandah – веранда, терраса
strip foundation – ленточный фундамент
ceiling joist – потолочная балка, балка перекрытия
reinforced concrete – железобетон
lintel – перемычка
load-bearing wall –несущая стена
lean-to roof – наклонная односкатная крыша
pier –вертикальная опора, стойка
brickwork – кирпичная кладка
cross-section – поперечное сечение
longitudinal section – продольное сечение
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
dimensions, appearance, external views, plans, bill of quantities, working drawings, elevations, foundation plans, to price, location, elevations
a The … show how the building should be set out on site and the … of the foundations.
b The … allows the contractor … the work accurately for a large project.
c The … are drawn to a suitable scale and indicate the … and shape of the building.
d The four … are the … of the building, they show the general … of the construction.
e Prepared by the architect, the working drawings show the detailed …, sections and … of a building.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a to / the / work / The / building / to / how / specification / do / shows /
b show / larger / prepared / may / to / specific / be / Additional / a / to / scale / drawings / details
c use / different / to / drawings / show / materials / Working / symbols / building
d is / the / are / working / building / produced / drawings / the / After / designed
e the / floor / the / show / doors / and / walls / plans / windows / position / of / The / partitions
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The specifications provide the contractor with information about the dimensions, levels and lay out of the building.
b The sections show the depth of the foundations and the levels of the floors and roofs.
c The site plan shows the relationship of the building to the site boundaries and adjoining buildings.
d The bill of quantities is needed for permission from the local authority to proceed with the proposed building.
e The bill of quantities describes the amount of materials needed to construct the building.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What are the working drawings used for?
b Is the production of the construction documents important? Why?
c What is the site plan?
d What is an elevation?
e What is a section?
f Is there any difference between the specification and the bill of quantities?
g What documents are needed for approval for building construction?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 5 (pages 18-22)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
latrine – уборная
personal effects – личные вещи
temporary access road – временная дорога
tank – резервуар
concrete mixer – бетономешалка
pick – кирка
spade – лопата
sledge hammer – кувалда
wooden peg – деревянный колышек
tape measure – рулетка
plumb bob – свинцовый груз, отвес
boulder – глыба, большой камень
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
fixing, contractor, aggregates, roots, boundary fence, boulder, variety, access point, concrete mixer, bushes, digging, preliminary, check
a A … of tools is needed to do the …, lifting, … and measuring jobs.
b The … should have a single … so that someone can … people in and out.
c Deliveries of … will need clear access to the ….
d The … of trees and … must be dug out and cleared away.
e A … will dig trial holes as part of the … site works.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a bushes / should / removed / such / All / be / as / and / vegetation / scrub
b left / space / under / the / Clear / construction / must / the / around / be / building
c site / the / drawings / should / of / the / to / boundaries / all / the / contractor / out / First / lay / according
d is / nest / in / eat / as / Termite / cellulose / timber / the / termites / a / danger / eat / the
e should / all / access / site / the / for / weather / enter / in / A / vehicles / road / the / be / temporary / to / constructed
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a One cannot touch the termite nests as they are protected by the law.
b The concrete mixer should be left in a permanent location during the building work.
c Site clearance is always done manually.
d The security fence helps the contractor to control the movement of people and materials.
e Trial holes provide information about the best methods of excavation.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What are the contractor’s responsibilities?
b What are the typical site requirements?
c What basic tools and equipment can be found on a site? Name at least five of them.
d Is clearing of site important? Why?
e What is a trial hole?
f Why should termite nests be destroyed on the site?
g What is the purpose of the working drawings and specifications?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 6 (pages 23-29)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
obstruction – преграда, помеха, препятствие
square – квадрат, квадратный
rectangular – прямоугольный
circle – круг
builder’s square – наугольник
corner – угол
to tie a string – завязывать веревку
equal – равный
right angle – прямой угол
nail – гвоздь, прибивать гвоздями
loop – петля, затягивать петлю
trammel – эллипсограф
2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a profile /a / can / using / moving / trammel / out / or / Curved / by / be / a / walls / set
b are / a / made / triangle / Right / traditionally / by / angles /3-4-5 / using
c on / building / of / set / profiles / outline / ground / the / fixed / and / The / with / the / out / is / lines
d by / and / center / positioned / Columns / lines / piers / using / are
e fix / Two / should / each / one / profiles / corner
3. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The diagonals of a rectangular building must be the same length.
b Rectangular buildings need fixed profiles.
c A square consists of two timber posts with a horizontal board across the top.
d The walls of a square or rectangular building must form angles of 180 degrees.
e Circular buildings also need fixed profiles.
4. Give the three forms of the following verbs, translate them into Russian:
establish, can, measure, build, be, mean, position, show, cut, attach, see, make, describe, find, assemble, give, use, nail, level, fix, bear, mark, remove, complete, locate, finish, run, drill, loop.
5. Answer the following questions:
a How to use a 3-4-5 triangle to make right angles?
b What is the alternative way of making right angles?
c How to make a profile?
d What are the steps of setting out a building?
e How to set out a moving profile for a circular building?
f What are the typical levels that need to be measured during the building process?
g What are the steps of setting up and using a site datum?
Chapter 7 (pages 30-33)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
indicate – показывать, указывать
carry out – выполнять
topsoil – верхний слой почвы
stepped foundation – ступенчатый фундамент
basement – подвальный этаж, цокольный этаж
to solve a problem – решить проблему
support – опора, поддержка
damage – повреждение, поломка
firm – крепкий, прочный, твердый
filler – наполнитель
to settle – давать усадку
to pack tightly – хорошо утрамбовывать
2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a excavation / the / show / depth / working / trenches / of / The / for / drawings / the
b are / precautions / ground / when / very / digging / the / Taking / workers / special / is / important / below
c backacter / foundation / can / enough / make / trenches / One / use / deep / to / the / a /
d site / ground / build / below / the / excavated / be / To / must / foundations / the
e top / site / landscaping / be / not / The / for / from / cleared / if / soil / used / away / should / the
3. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The top soil removal is usually done by apprentices on the site.
b Normally 500 mm of top soil should be removed unless you don’t have to clear the site from tree roots.
c Excavations are done by hand or with mechanical equipment.
d Subsoil should be strong enough to support the oversite concrete.
e The holes created by excavating roots in the topsoil must be backfilled with soil.
4. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, translate the sentences into Russian, there is one extra word:
loose, deep, doubt, columns, line, building inspector, piles, preferable, augers, sides, enough
a Circular concrete … formed in the holes in the ground are called short-bored ….
b Mechanical … mounted on machines are used for … piles.
c The … may check if the subsoil is strong … after the excavation is completed.
d … soil is more … for building a short-bored piled foundation.
e The … of the pit need support if there is any … about their stability.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What are the contractor’s sources of information about the excavation?
b What types of excavations do the workers carry out on small building sites?
c What safety measures should be taken while digging an excavation?
d Why should the top soil be removed?
e What are the ways of removing the top soil?
f Describe the process of excavating pits for columns and piers.
g Describe the process of excavating trenches for strip foundations.
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 7 (pages 34-38)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
crack – трещина, щель, давать трещину
a confined site – небольшая строительная площадка
edge – край, граница
to be at risk – подвергаться риску
water table – уровень грунтовых вод
strut – распорка
wedge – клин
pump – насос, откачивать насосом
hose – шланг
sump – грязеотстойник
bucket – ведро
pneumatic drill – пневматический бур
2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a loads / too / be / to / are / heavy / supported / Excavations / their / placed / close / edges
/ must / when
b strong / support / is / buildings / to / base / A rock / small / normally / enough /
c the / drill / rock / a / into / that / power / A compressor / hand-held / for / provides / pneumatic / drills / solid
d rock / into / concrete / framework / poured / the / be / ground / ground / Some / is / if / above / timber / level / should / the / at
e excavation / be / the / naturally / it / All / drain / of / should / rain / if / the / away / water / doesn’t / pumped out
3. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The lives of workers are at risk if the contractor takes proper precautions.
b The hose should have a filter to prevent dirt from coming up into the pump.
c Every base may be well packed so that the building is stable.
d To make sure that the concrete leveling strip doesn’t move holes in rock foundations must be drilled.
e Struts are pieces of timber used to maintain the pressure of the polings against the soil.
4. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, translate the sentences into Russian, there is one extra word:
water table, backacter, surface, changes, stability, provide, hand, amount, to shrink, concrete, sloping
a The … usually varies according to the seasons and the … of rainfall.
b In order to cope with the … in levels the design for a … site may have different floor levels.
c A trench that is dug out by a backacter will usually need to be finished off by ….
d The weather is the crucial factor for the … of an excavation, it may cause the soil …, crack or fall in.
e A … leveling strip may be needed if the rock doesn’t … a level base for the walls.
5. Answer the following questions:
a Should all types of soil be supported?
b What method of excavation is used when you need a level site in spite of the slope?
c What is the difference between polings, walings, struts and wedges?
d Which pieces of equipment remove the top soil and reduce the levels?
e What are the possible intervals between polings?
f Which pieces of equipment can remove the soil from the site?
g What factors are important for working safely in excavations?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 8 (pages 43-47)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
slab – плита
mesh – арматурная сетка
overlap – напуск, нахлестка
brick course – горизонтальный ряд кирпичной кладки
conventional – традиционный, обычный
to overcome the problem – решить проблему
bore – бурить, сверлить
trunk – ствол дерева, стержень колонны
to contract – сжиматься, сокращаться
clay – глина
moisture – влага
black cotton soil – регур (тяжелый глинистый грунт)
respond – отвечать, реагировоть
flint – кремень
bored (replacement) pile – буро-заливная свая
driven (displacement) pile – забивная свая
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, translate the sentences into Russian:
solution, size, strength, short-bored, bearing capacity, piled foundations, building loads, mesh reinforcement, surface, framed buildings
a The total … and the load bearing capacity of the soil are crucial for the … of the pad foundation.
b The … of the raft foundation is increased by ….
c Poor soil conditions, lightweight …, small houses usually require … piled foundations.
d If the soil has a poor …, raft foundations are a good ….
e The … should be built when the soil near the … is not strong enough.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a holes / soil / usually / The / load-bearing / trial / is / shown / depth / suitable / of / by
b thickness / should / change / strip / the / not / The / more / in / the / foundation/ be / level / than / of
c concrete / an / floor / that / of / building / Raft / is / slab / the / foundation / forms / the / ground / oversite
d be / some / pile-driving / with / auger / by / process / The / soil / an / should / removing / preceded
e piers / and / pad / free-standing / usually / Concrete / foundations / brick / supported / are / columns / by
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Piles should be placed on the centre line of the walls that need support.
b The slab that forms the raft foundations must be thickened at the edges with an edge beam.
c The higher level foundation should extend over and meet with the lower one for a distance not less than its thickness.
d The load is distributed evenly over the ground in case a rectangular pad foundation is built.
e Bored piles are normally hammered into soft ground at measured intervals.
5. Answer the following questions:
a When and why are the stepped foundations built?
b What factors control the width and thickness of a strip foundation?
c What is a pad foundation? What is it used for?
d What are the types of piled foundations?
e When is it impossible to use piled foundations?
f What is a raft foundation?
g When is it preferable to build a raft foundation?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 48-50)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
corrugated iron sheet – лист рифленого железа
cladding – обшивка, облицовка
purlin (roof) – обрешетина (на крыше)
thermal properties – термические свойства
sound insulation – звукоизоляция
adjoining room – смежная комната
pliable material – пластичный материал
mould = mold – форма, формовать
solid blocks – цельные блоки
hollow blocks – полые блоки
lime – известь, известняк
prevent – предотвращать, предупреждать
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
durability, solid, moulded, internal, load-bearing, stability, hollow, kiln, non-load-bearing, support, structures
a Hollow blocks are most suitable for … internal walls and are weaker than … blocks.
b For the additional … of the structure load-bearing … walls are built.
c … and … are the two main requirements for every building material.
d After drying out all the … bricks are fired in a ….
e The … external walls are normally used for domestic buildings or other one or two storied ….
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a materials / external / hand / built / As / be / walls / handle / should / masonry / by / convenient / are / to
b resistance / characteristics / walls / properties / Weather / should / the / have / and / external/ are / thermal / the
c load-bearing / loads / construction / of / roof / The / and / wall / supports / floor / the / stone
d is / building / stone / to / available / is / freely / material / be / As / considered / economic / it / natural / an
e the / is / walls / non-load-bearing / Wind / obligatory / cladding / resistance / for / external / in
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Load-bearing external walls normally stand independently of the main structure.
b Support provided by the framework is forced by the corrugated sheet cladding.
c The strength and durability of the block depends on the aggregate used with the cement.
d Load-bearing internal partitions usually stand on a concrete foundation.
e Fire-resistance and sound insulation are the obligatory requirements for the internal walls.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What types of wall do you know?
b What characteristics should the external walls have?
c What characteristics should the internal walls have?
d What building materials are used for external walls?
e What is the purpose of mortar?
f How does the application affect the proportions of the aggregates in mortar?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 52-55)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
half-round joint – вогнутый шов
weather-struck joint – шов (кладки) со скосом кверху
recessed joint – пустошовка
flush joint – гладкий, заполненный шов
surplus – остаток, излишек
wire brush – металлическая проволочная щетка
arris – ребро, острый край
quoin – угловой камень кладки
perpend – вертикальный шов кирпичной кладки
stretcher bond – ложковая перевязка
cavity wall – пустотная стена
header bond – тычковая перевязка
Flemish bond – Фламандская перевязка
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
vertical, bonding, construction, width, stability, flat, skin, trusses, pattern, level, stretcher
a If an external … of a cavity wall is the width of a single brick, … bond can be used.
b The loads from joists ends and roof … are spread through the wall by ….
c A … appearance is usually created by a joint where the mortar joint is … with the masonry.
d The usage of English bond gives a very well bonded … and a more interesting ….
e Avoidance of continuous … joints is the basic principle of … in stonework.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a which / unstable / joints / by / the / Continuous / bonding / are / can / wall / vertical / avoided / make
b with / is / and / four / The / a / joint / rod / set / formed / recessed/ square / back / is / millimeters
c when / should / and/ appearance / used / strong / Closers / good/ are / bond / the / be / needed
d affected / mortar / finished / is / wall / The / by / joint / appearance / the
e the / it / walls / achieve / 215 mm / ties / stretcher/ for / possible / thick / Wall / appearance / to / bond / make / of
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a All the works on the external walls can be done immediately after the joints are completed.
b The weather-struck joint enables rain to run off an external wall more easily.
c English bond is achieved by laying the bricks lengthwise across the wall.
d Header bond is the only type of bond that can be used in blockwork.
e Flush joints are usually formed with a steel rod drawn along the joint.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What types of joints with masonry do you know?
b What is a closer (bed, quoin, arris)?
c What types of bonds do you know and what is the difference between them?
d What can you say about bonding in stonework?
e What can you say about bonding in blockwork?
f What is bonding?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 55-59)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
pointing trowel – заостренная кельма
spirit level – ватерпас (уровень)
mixing board – боек для приготовления строительной смеси
to align – выравнивать, выстраивать в линию
row – ряд
vulnerable – уязвимый, подверженный чему-либо
jamb – косяк, боковой откос
point load – сосредоточенная нагрузка
ratio – пропорция, коэффициент
slenderness ratio – коэффициент гибкости
to buckle – изгибаться, выгибаться
plank – доска, планка
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
piers, barrier, size, reinforcement, bonding, concrete slab, walls, choice, interior, floors, beam
a A damp-proof course is a waterproof … that prevents the dampness from rising into the … of the building.
b Different types of … can be used in pier construction, the … depends on the size of the pier.
c Openings in the … are sometimes strengthened by … to support the loads from the lintels and arches.
d In case column is used, its … must be tied into the reinforcement of the … or slab.
e A layer of moisture-proof material laid under a … that prevents rising damp in … is called a damp-proof membrane.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a into / damage / ground / soaks / The water / penetrate / the / it / and / into / may / that / construction / the
b wall / drawings / of / in / shown / openings / working / be / on / the / must / The location / brick / main / the
c must / constructed / The slenderness / considered / piers / be / free-standing / ratio / are / always / when
d the / skills / brick / most / site / sound / One / constructing / building / needed / a / wall / the / is / important / of / on /
e forces / a / resistant / wind / pier / to / by / A wall / such / pressure / different / is / stiffened / as / more
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Reinforced columns are always put in small buildings.
b Rain water can splash the wall in heavy rain and bypass the dpc, and the height of the wall prevents it.
c A plumb-line should be always used to check that the column is vertical.
d The dpc and dpm mustn’t overlap each other as it can make the construction unstable.
e The only method to carry the brickwork across the opening at the head is always used, it’s called lintels.
5. Answer the following questions:
a Describe the usage peculiarities of dpc and dpm.
b What are the steps of making a brick wall?
c What is a slenderness ratio?
d Describe the process of column construction.
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 59-62)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
galvanized steel – оцинкованная сталь
steel angle – стальной уголок
in situ – на месте, в правильном положении
spacer – распорка
wire – сварка, сваривать
trapped air – воздушный пузырь, запертый воздух
turning piece – кружало
wet sacking – влажная мешковина
snugly – красиво, удобно
wall plate – нижняя подстропильная вязка (балка)
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
position, concrete, determined, brickwork, increased, formwork, reinforced concrete, stability, lintel, spans, precasting
a The height of the …, corresponding to the height of full brick courses, is … by the span.
b The main advantage of … is that the lintel can be placed in position as soon as the … is ready.
c Sometimes lintels are made by pouring the … into the … across the opening.
d Most lintels are made of … as timber being good for short … is not durable enough.
e The … at the top of the wall where the roof is tired down to the brickwork is … by a tie beam.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a is / the / clearly / it / right / must / make / The top / be / put / very / sure / lintel / to / of / that / marked
b supported / called / which / a / above / lintel / is / The load / by / opening / the / beam / is / a
c galvanized / is / a / brickwork / by / which / angle / A decorative / steel / provided / needs / support
d that / of / slows / a / bricklaying / The disadvantage / in situ / it / lintel / down / casting / the / is
e and / building / made / span / Archers / openings / materials / of / the structure / to / can / above / them / different / be / support
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The ends of the reinforcement bars may have L-shaped hooks to spread the load correctly.
b When lintels are cast the formwork should be removed only after the concrete hardens.
c The downward pressure forces the units of the ach together and increases their resistance.
d In the process of making a precast lintel concrete spacers keep the steelwork clear from the brickwork.
e Archers must be formed in situ.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What additional measurements should the design of the lintel use?
b Describe the process of making a precast lintel.
c Describe the process of making a in situ concrete lintel.
d What is the difference between the segmental and semicircular archers?
e What are the advantages of segmental and semicircular archers?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 62-66)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
crown – шелыга
extrados - верхняя выпуклая поверхность между пятами арки или свода
keystone – замковый камень
intrados – внутренняя поверхность арки
rise – стрела арки
abutment – опора, пята
springer – пятовый камень арки или свода
curvature – изгиб
centring, centering – кружало
flashing – гидроизолирующая прокладка
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
bricks, rise, separate, width, pressure, cemented, space, determined, arch, sedimentary, centering, span
a The … of the semicircular arch is … by the … of the opening.
b Battens help to maintain the … of the arch, if … is made of two timber ribs.
c In the process of arch construction … should be placed one at a time and … together.
d Cavity walls are the walls built in two … layers with a … between them.
e Heat and … changes in igneous and … rocks create metamorphic rocks.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a be / and / working / must / of /drawings / the / arches / The rise / segmental / on / shown / the / semicircular /
b of / curvature / to / a / arch / the / identical / completed / timber / the / must / The curvature / shape / of / be
c the / supporting / is / weight / the / on / masonry / the / centering / crucial / The strength / for / of /
d if / not / weather / out / rainfall / is / considerable / or / there / cold / Moisture / kept / is /
e insects / level / cavity / skin / the / open / at / prevents / through / joins / the / ground / Mesh / external / in / the / entering /
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Segmental and semicircular arches are the easiest to build with bricks, blocks, and stone.
b An arch may curve in any direction to be self-supporting.
c The centering should stay in its place until the cement mortar is hard.
d Cracks are possible in the arch if there is no movement before the mortar sets.
e Because of wall ties cavity walls have the same strength and stability as solid walls.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What are the stages of construction of an arch?
b What is a centering and what is it used for?
c What should one do with the mortar that falls down the cavity in a cavity wall?
d When do damp patches appear on the inner skin of a cavity wall?
e What types of stone are used for building? What is the difference between them?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 66-69)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
dressing – шлифовка, выравнивание
mason’s hammer – молоток-кирочка каменщика
chip – откалывать, отбивать
pitcher – долото
stonemason (mason) – каменщик
header (bonding) stone – тычок каменной кладки
rough stone – бут
jamb – косяк, боковой откос
plaster – штукатурка (внутренние работы)
render – штукатурка (внешние работы)
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
alternate, mason, stone, bed, vertical, rock, mortar, raked, overlap, irregular, hold, dressed, spaces
a Each … for a wall must be selected and … by a skilled stonemason.
b Saving of … is possible if smaller pieces of stones are used to fill the … between the irregular stones.
c Straight … joints should be avoided by using large stones to … each other in … courses.
d The … always lays the rocks so that the natural … remains horizontal.
e An additional … for plaster or render is sometimes provided by … out joints.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a both / dress / the / and / face / to / Chisel / stones / the / used / pitcher / to / of / are /
b of / wall / back / bonded / by / should / The front / stones / properly / a / and / be / long /
c header / wall / be / meter / for / least / square / of / There / stones / two / at / each / should / the /
d should / openings / stretcher / at / Closers / maintain / used / bonding / true / to / the / be /
e are / building / blocks / openings / span / for / to / Concrete / not / the / used / archers / normally /
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Coursed random rubble walls consist of rough stones used in an almost natural state.
b Only an experienced mason working with rough stones can build a stable and pleasing to look at wall.
c In regular coursed rubble walls the height of the stones should be the same in all courses.
d All the aggregates for blocks shouldn’t be covered by quality standards.
e The factory-produced blocks must be tested for strength and density.
5. Answer the following questions:
a What types of blocks do you know? What’s the difference between them?
b What are the general principles of block manufacture?
c Are there any special tools used in stone masonry?
d What are the types of stone walls? What’s the difference between them?
e Do you know any rules for working with stone? What are they?
6. Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 69-72)
Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
squeeze – сжимать, сдавливать
handful – пригоршня, горсть
tapered – клиновидный, конический
plaster board – штукатурная плита
pin – прикреплять, прибивать
to build off the floor – строить от пола
subfloor – накат, черный пол
stud partition – каркасная перегородка с деревянным каркасом
sole plate – опорный брус, подкладка
Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
resistance, combined, influence, rapid, amount, hydrate, ensured, proportions, blocks, fire, structures
a The load from internal … such as floors and roofs … greatly the type of blocks builders should use.
b An even mix is …. when the ingredients for concrete blocks are … in a concrete mixer.
c The specific … for cement, sand and water should be written down when the right … of water is added to the mix.
d The newly made … can be spoiled by a … process of drying out or being exposed to rain.
e Weather …, durability and … resistance must be provided by all types of external walls.
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a such / be / to / wall / External / block / applied / render / a / can / as / treatments /
b mix / binding / cement / a / in /very / concrete / aggregate / is / a / material / Being / important / a /
c site / made / wet / be / for / on / with / seven / must / sacks / days / All / covered / blocks /
d the / sticking / prevents / the / to / mixture / wet / sides / from / mould / Releasing oil / of / concrete /
e loads / piers / transferred / Point / columns / to / normally / or / foundation / the / are / by /
Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The required degree of sound and thermal insulation depends on the type of blocks used in the construction.
b The process of making all types of blocks takes not less than 28 days.
c A timber mould can be removed in twenty four hours after the concrete mix was poured.
d Corrugated iron sheets usually transfer all the building loads and wind pressure to the foundation.
e Additional support is needed for the partitions if the subfloor is a concrete slab.
Answer the following questions:
a What does the type of block depend on?
b How to build a concrete block on a site?
с What are the disadvantages of making blocks on site?
d What are the disadvantages of corrugated iron sheets as a building material?
e How can the partitions be constructed?
Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 72-75)
Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
sole plate – опорный брус
noggin – горизонтальная распорка (в каркасной перегородке)
stud partition – каркасная перегородка (с деревянным каркасом)
suspended floor – перекрытие без промежуточных опор в пролете
recess – выемка, углубление
door lining – дверной наличник
plug – дюбель
soffit – подшивка (потолка)
cross ventilation – сквозная вентиляция
expanded metal – металлическая сетка (под штукатурку)
plasterboard – гипсокартон
scrim – холст для перекрытия швов
skim coat – грунт
chipboard – ДСП
hardboard - ДВП
Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
fastening, plugs, beneath, reduced, partition, lintel, work, lining, constructional, joists, weight
a The cost of building … is relatively low if concrete blocks are used as a … material.
b If the floor … run parallel to the partition, then two joists … it provide adequate support.
c … are used if the door … is fixed after the block work is finished.
d A simple timber … is needed to support the small … if more block work is put over the door.
e While … the boards to the framework waste can be … by well-placed studs.
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a is / blocks / on / if / are / concrete / suspended / used / lightweight / reduced / The dead / floors / weight /
b / main / one / the / Stability / of / concerning / construction / the / internal / of / walls / priorities / is /
с / off / can / Being / masonry / like / partitions / be / subfloors / any / constructed / built / wall / concrete /
d spread / the / angles / helps / is / the/ partition / right / to / A timber / to / evenly / the / plate / at / if / joist / load /
e and / intervals / to / spaced / are / at / the / 600 mm / the / head / sole / nailed / and / plate / The studs / are /
Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a If partitions are built off timber subfloor then the direction of the joists should be considered.
b A timber soleplate prevents contact between a concrete partition and the timber subfloor.
c One cannot use a timber lintel while creating a wall opening because it may crack.
d It is important that wiring for telephone and electricity should be installed inside a stud partition before the boards are fixed.
e A thin layer of skim coat is applied to a plasterboard cladding to conceal all the joints.
Answer the following questions:
a How to place the partitions for maximum stability?
b What are the two ways of tying the partition into the external walls?
c What are the advantages and the disadvantages of block bonding the partition blocks?
d What are the advantages and the disadvantages of attaching the partition with metal ties?
e What are the stages of building up a stud partition?
Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 10 (pages 76-79)
Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
flue – дымоход
fireback – задняя стенка камина (часто декоративная)
hearth – пламенное пространство камина
flue lining – футеровка дымохода
jamb – откос камина
rendering – швабровка дымохода
pargetting – декоративная штукатурка, орнаментная штукатурка
velocity – быстрота, скорость
fume – дым
stepped flashing – ступенчатый фартук (гидроизоляционный)
soaker – свинцовый фартук (для гидроизоляции)
flashing – гидроизоляция стыков
Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
fireplace, velocity, enclosing, flashings, chimney, heat, fuel, increased, smoke, fireproof, breast,
a In small houses … is burnt for cooking or heat in a safe … location.
b A chimney … is a portion of a wall which projects forward over a ….
c A vertical structure … a flue or flues that carry off … or the part of such a structure extending above a roof is called a chimney.
d The … of the hot gases in the fire should be … by the throat.
e …. protect the chimney from rain and protect the roof covering from the … of the chimney.
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a outside / combustion / in / The products / manner / a / flue / conducted / safe / of / through / are / a /
b made/ lines / fireplace / is / a piece / rear / which / a / of / Fireback / and / of / is / cast iron / the /
c fireplace/ the / into/ a / extends / is / with / Hearth / is paved / a room / that / floor / or cement / and / of / bricks /
d walls / built / same / of / brick / Jambs / manner / are / the / fireplaces / in / as
e in / be/ the / rise / may / hearth /off / Fuel / metal / which / it / held / baskets
Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The flue lining increases the speed of the heated air and combustion gases in a flue.
b Air flows to the base of the fire and then drawn in to prevent smoke flowing into the room.
c The heat must be kept away from the roof covering by at least 2 meter chimney.
d In case you have a fireplace fume always come into your room through the brickwork.
c The hearth projects into the room to protect the floor finish from hot ashes.
Answer the following questions:
a What is the flame caused by?
b When can fume enter the room?
c How much should you trim a timber floor around the hearth?
d Do chimney breast always have a flue opening?
c Why should one make the junction of the chimney and the roof watertight?
Give a summary of the fragment.
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