' – primary stress – главное ударение

TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOLS

STRESS SYMBOLS:

' – primary stress – главное ударение

ˌ – secondary stress – второстепенное ударение

VOWELS – ГЛАСНЫЕ

i:

ɪ

e

æ

ʌ

ɑ:

ɒ

ɔ:

ʊ

u:

з:

ə

DIPHTHONGS – ДИФТОНГИ

eɪ

əʊ

aɪ

aʊ

ɔɪ

ɪə

eə

ʊə

CONSONANTS – СОГЛАСНЫЕ

p

b

t

d

k

g

f

v

s

z

∫

ʒ

θ

ð

t∫

dʒ

h

SONANTS – СОНАНТЫ (СОНОРНЫЕ)

w

r

j

l

m

n

ŋ

ABBREVIATIONS

N.B. Mind that the majority of the Latin phrases read aloud are commonly substituted by the corresponding English ones. These are given in the bold type.

1. Parts of speech:

1.1. Notional words знаменательные (понятийные) слова:

a – adjective – прилагательное

adv – adverb – наречие

n – noun – существительное

num – numeral – числительное

v – verb – глагол

1.2. Structural / formal words служебные слова

prep – preposition – предлог

pron – pronoun – местоимение

cj – conjunction – союз

int – interjection – междометие

part – particle – частица

2. Linguistic terms

ant. – antonym – антоним

homo. – homonym – омоним

homoph. – homophone – омофон

pl – plural (number of the noun) – множественное (число существительного)

sg singular (number of the noun) – единственное (число существительного)

syn. – synonym – синоним

3. Miscellaneous words & word combinations

A.D. – (Latin) Anno Domini (= English “the year of God”) – года Господа (нашей эры)

B.C. – Before Christ – до рождества Христова (до нашей эры)

cf. – (Latin) confer (= English “compare”) – сравните

e.g.– (Latin) example gratia (= English “ for example ”) – например

etc.– (Latin) et cetera (= English “ and so on ”) – и так далее

i.e. – (Latin) id est (= English “ that is ”) – то есть

N.B. – (Latin) nota bene (= English “ good to remember ”) – полезно запомнить

smb – somebody – кто-либо

smth – something – что-либо

viz. – (Latin) videlicet [vi'di:liset] (= English “ namely ”) – а именно, … (перед перечислением)

vs – (Latin) versus (= English “ against ”) – против

v.i. – (Latin) vide infra (= English “ see below ”) смотри ниже

v.s. – (Latin) vide supra (= English “ see above ”) смотри выше

& (= English “and”) – и (союз)

N.B.: In dictionaries the indefinite pronoun forms “one's” and (abbreviated) “smb's, “smth's” are used conventionally, whereas in actual speech they are substituted by the situationally required words: “one's” by a possessive pronoun, “smb's”, “smth's” by a possessive pronoun, or a noun in the possessive case.

The difference between them is as follows:

1. “ one's ”is a conventional sign for a possessive pronoun referring to something belonging to the doer of the action. In speech “ one's” isrealized as a corresponding possessive pronoun.

e.g. I tried my hand at teaching.

He tried his hand at teaching.

She tried her hand at teaching.

We tried our hands at teaching.

You tried your hand(s) at teaching.

They tried their hands at teaching.

2. “ smb's ” and “ smth's ” are conventional signs for a possessive pronoun or a noun in the possessive case referring to something belonging to some second or third person(s) – not the doer of the action.

e.g. I drive his car. I took John's book.

I drive her car. I took my sister's book.

I drive our car.

I drive your car.

I drive their car.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04