The rise of internet Media p1

Lecture 2

The rise of internet Media p1

Journalism is the practice of investigation and reporting of events, issues, trends. The intended audience should be informed by analysis of facts, comments, tendencies.

Internet is a universal form of communication that allows to accumulate, organize and deliver large pieces of information in various forms and create a platform for intercourse.

Online journalism is the reporting of facts produced and distributed via the Internet. The traditional media landscape was re-shaped as: -merging media; - e-merging media.

Dotcoms Era

NandO – North Carolina, early 1990s Early adapters: San Fran Examiner/ San Jose Mercury/NYT/Times/ Le Monde

1994-98 – The rise of dotcoms.

1997 – princess Diana (Wales).

1998 – President Clinton(USA).

The conflict

Circulation – Online audience

(physical) – (virtual)

“Print-First”(post-production) & “Web-First” Concepts (‘as you-go’ up to the outcome)

Info Sites/Resources

- libraries;

- Reference sites;

- Catalogs, databases;

- Official and government websites;

- News aggregators;

- Online-, web-based- media, news sites.

Characteristics

- Unique content;

- Journalism;

- Editorial.

Economy

Success models

- Niche or Local.

Requirements

- Hook;

- Trust;

- Retain.

Revenue models

- advertising;

- paid materials;

- commercial modules

- premium content;

---- direct variable(pay-per-view)

---- direct fixed (subscriptions)

Lecture 3

The rise of internet Media p2

Benefits

- Urgency communication(Breakin news);

- Brand new instrument that allows to broadcast at any time(no air or printhouse or else schedule affecting);

- To receive feedback more efficiently;

- To gain new audiences(internally and externally);

- Lower costs of digital production and delivery.

Challenges

- Market is determined by technology;

- By critical mass – Netizens & Public;

- Who is in this mass(age…)

- Abundance of information flows (too much pressure)

- aggressive competition(how to penetrate)

- Opens up market for amateurs (Gonzo & youngsters).

Challenges: Public perception

- By-products of competition: Credibility, Headline Ethics;

- Amateurism or All-The-Same.

Myths about interactivity and advertising.

Trends

- 2007-09 – a wave of newspapers’ print versions shutdowns (Boston Globe, Evening standard, Christian Science Monitor, Maxim UK), decrease of circulations, closure of branch offices.

GFC? Growth in numbers and quality provided for the audience’s migration to the web.

- Advantages of ad placement(price/target);

- Until 2008, it was hoped that it’d prove lucrative enough to fund the costs of news gathering.

- In 2008 online advertising began to slow down.

- Diversificaton – individualization.

Important things for gaining your audience

- Apart from ingenious writing;

- Friendly interface (fonts, colors, intuitive)

- Ergonomic design (logical navigation, bck&frth, buttons)

- Being up-to-date, regularly / periodicity

- Interactivity (contacts, comments, polls)(+ being timely to react)

- Multimedia (smart, without fanatism)

Types (by Mr. Nurmakov)

- News agencies;

- MSM websites;

- News Commentators;

- Online media outlets;

- Anything in between.

Kazakhstan

- 6000 websites contact about Kazakhstan;

- 77% is in Russian

Commercial websites – 58%;

News websites – 32%;

Governmental – 9%.

-- Advertising agencies (Tengri Saatchi&Saatchi – bb.ct. Prime Media – today.kz)

-- Media convergence (respublika. Zakonkz.net, Gazeta.kz, Gulzhan.org)

-- Political interest groups (vesti.kz/ tengrinews.kz, Stan/Respublika)

Lecture 4

Peculiarities of online media

Differences between MSM & OM

- Periodicity (on-line presence)

- Less time spent for writing a piece

- less time spent by viewer on one article

- Vast opportunities offered by hypertext

- Tense competition for a viewer’s attention

- Different architecture of the outlet’s business models.

Requirements

- Your audience know less than you, but they are not idiots.

- Stick to the standards of quality journalism

- Hyperlinks(sources, cross-references)

- Quickly = higher risk, higher responsibility, higher requirement of literacy

- PC literacy

Formats and Features

- Fast;

- No long texts

-- small forms, blocks

-- tight and informative

‘Every word must advance new info’

- Visualization(graphs, pictures)

Step-by step

1. Understand your news;

2. Questions to ask yourself

Title

- 2 lines max;

- No uninformative verbs in past tense;

- Verb in active form, relevant info

- Can be less neutral, more eye-catching;

- No question or exclamation signs;

- No abstract phrases. Sacrifice creativity info;

- Title and lead are to be different.

Lead

- Explaining title with more info;

- 40-45 words;

- Lead should be read ‘with one breathe’;

- No official constructions – first tell what has happened & what it means for a reader.

Text

- 4-5 paragraphs are ideal for a brief news update;

-5-6 lines per paragraph are lovely;

- Min. adjectives, Simple sentence construction;

- First 2 or 3 paragraphs are the news;

- Readers like quotes, direct speech;

- Name your sources.

Remember

People don’t want to read, they want to know.

People don’t want to wait/ spend time on words.

Robots also don’t want to do your job sorting out what is important in your text.

Be prepared to:

- inadequate reaction;

- updates/ corrections.

Online media can have a status of a mass media outlet, or not have it.

Online journalist bears responsibility for the info he/she publishes.

Lecture 5

Journalism Ethics and Standards

Major standards

- Credibility (достоверность)

- Impartiality (беспристрастность)

- Balance (сбалансированность)

- Comprehensiveness (полнота инф)

- Ethics – non-discrimination, hate speech, reporting on litigation, political campaigns etc.

Credibility

- proved & checked facts;

- info got directly from sources;

- authoritative sources used, documents;

- minimized anonymous sources.

Accuracy

Be as accurate as possible and seek reliable sources.

- Also correct spelling of people’s and organizations’ names, documents;

- Accurate quotation;

- Precise quantitative data;

- Abbreviations (deciphered).

Impartiality

- You are not smarter than a reader;

- Respect their opinion;

- Don’t make judgements for the readers, audience must decide whether to believe these sources or not;

- Unbiasedness, neutrality = inadmissibility of the author’s opinion, preferences to any side reported.

Soviet paternalist/ buddy-buddy style

Remaining unbiased helps you to report the truth and remain free, because it is almost never libel.

Balance

Give an opportunity to comment to both sides of the covered conflict/ problem. Don’t favor any of the sides.

Comprehensiveness

- Give as many facts as possible;

- Answer all possible questions

- Each fact increases quality of the article, discloses the topic better, arouses more trust in a reader.

Harm limitation principle

Ethical dilemma may refer to sensitive issues ( children, inexperienced sources, vulnerable ).

Avoiding Stigmatization & Discrimination.

Public Interest

It shouldn’t affect the public interest principle, which can at times justify intrusion into privacy.

Ethical reporting on suspects

A person is not a suspect before the charges are filled.

Suspects have the right to a fair trial:

- Defendants at trial are treated only as having “allegedly” committed crimes until conviction.

- It is possible after – if there is serious controversy about wrongful conviction.

Media bias

- Political issues;

- Sensationalism;

- Infotainment;

- Reduced professionalization;

- Deliberate manipulation;

- Selective reporting;

- Double standards.

Basic standards of Writing

- One topic in focus, but shown from various angles.

- Reader should explore the topic, its background, consequences & solutions.

- Answer the most important questions first.

- Title and lead should present the topic clearly.

- Material should be logically structured.

- Stick to one genre.

- Terms, names, abbreviations should be explained reader.

- Don’t overload text with quotations.

Common mistakes

- Ignore what raw data are used;

- Fail to compare to other similar countries;

- Fail to compare to other years by the certain country;

- Look only at the rank, not the index;

- Fail to analyze sub-indices and their dynamics.

Lecture 6

Interviews

Before the meeting

1. Get prepared:

a. Study the subject (carefully).

b. Make a list of questions (smartly).

c. Get in touch (politely).

2. Try to learn who you are to meet with

Styles and Ethics

1. Confrontation ( hardtalk )

2. Partner ( friendly but not too friendly )

MIND

- Public interest

- Source’s value

- Professional ethics

Ethics

No unsophisticated or unaware interviewees

Be clear

No traps – no words out of context

Let the person reply informatively

Insist, but know when to stop

Start

- present yourself;

- ask how much time you have;

- ask if recording is ok;

- explain what you are writing about;

- get yourself together.

Conclude

- Insist. Complete your mission.

- Ask for additional materials;

- If there is anything he/she would like to discuss.

Lecture 7 p1

Web 2.0 Prosumerism New Media

Популярность блогов

July 2006 – 70 mln blogs all over the world.

2008 – 133 млн блогов (Technorati)

16 February 2011 – 156 mln public blogs.

Почему блоги так популярны?

В Интернете много дешевого и разного. А ТВ и радио меньше.

ВРЕМЯ и ВЫБОР

Блогосфера – источник информации.

Блоги и СМИ (Блоггеры для журналистов)

Новые возможности в использовании блогов:

Washington Post – Перечисляет блоги, которые делают ссылки на ее статьи.

New York Times, Guardian, Клммерсант – Топ новостей по оценке блогосферы.

Колумнисты – блоггеры.

Сокращается количество зарубедных бюро и тиражи. Закрываются издания.

Творчество журналиста встречает барьеры(Редактор, Собственник, Читатель)

Блоги и соцсети неопосредованы.

Мнения, критика, анализ, субъективность.

Блоги помогут найти экспертов или стать ими.

Shorter formats

De-communication

Читать и писать

RSS (GReader, Mailboxes, Browser Features)

Keep it short, regular, no matter what you write about.

Get ready to fame, envy and loathing

Lecture 7 p2

Гражданская журналистика

Фан-зины и зины / Fanzines & Zines/ -начало эры User-Generated Content (UGC)

Самиздат

Самодистрибьюция

Онтркультура

Малобюджетные

Do It Yourself

Доступность

Появление своих творческих наклонностей

«Сделай сам»/ DIY сигнализировал переход движения из контркультуры в мейнстрим

Fliclr – the best way to store, search, sort & share your photos.

Wordpress.com – is a platform to start blogging.

Eblogger

Technorati

Creative commons

« Наша аудитория может помочь нам лучше понять предметы и феномены о которых мы пишем... »

Dan Gillmor

« Люди без профессионального журналистского образования будут пользоваться современными технологиями.... » Mark Glasser

«Гражданские журналисты – это те, кого мы раньше называли аудиторией» Jay Rosen

Every citizen is a Reporter (2000) SK

2004- Berkman Center(Harvard)

2010- change of format

From an “ edited citizen journalist new site” to a “blog dedicated to covering and discussing the world of citizen journalism itself ”

OmN became a victim of its own success; they could verify facts in stories that poured in from roughly 225 articles/day from a pool of 70,000 citizen journalists.

Overcome a gap in reporting

Enable & empower a community of bloggers who can make a bridge between languages and cultures.

Lecture 10

Инструменты обхода блокировок в Интернете

Блокировки, фильтрация, цензура в Интернет

«Беспрецендентная глобальность Сети + сложность мониторинга и отслеживания....»

Simon Wiesenthal Center

Цензура

- politico |hr| oppon

- com – fb – babes

- DDR |S6A| THY

- ROBOTS – INXS

- INFRASTRUCTR

Чем пользоваться?

- https. VPN. Qzxnw.

- Photo. Flash. Links.

- Download & Install.

- Давай по-быстрому

Анонимность

- Анонимайзеры защищают от владельцев сайта и от самих себя.

- Публичные прокси могут записывать онлайн активность, давая доступ.

- Администратор – полу-бог

- Закон суров.

---- Отсутствует прямое подключение между комп. И сайтом

---- Fast – Sporadic – Ad-run

---- Mind HTTPS

«Странные пути»

- Google Reader

- Google Translate

- Mirrors

Софт

- Opera Mini

- Opera 10 Turbo

- Opera+ Tor

---- Оптимизированный механизм сжатия данных на сервере компании Opera Software.

---- Ускоряет медленные подключения

Плюсы и минусы

- Качество картинок –

- Настройка степени сжатия –

- Mini +

- Many more +

Opera Tor

- Программная связка браузер Opera, клиент Tor и прокси-сервер Polipo.

- Nathalie Portable

- После завершения сеанса, вся инф стирается.

- Последняя версия Opera Tor 3.5 вышла 6,01,2010.

- Автор проекта Opera Tor прекратил выпск сборки с Tor.

- Operator YAPO (Yet Another Portable Opera) основан на Opera10,52

Ultrasurf – works by creating an encrypted HTTP tunnel between the user’s comp & central pool of proxy servers.

- Portable, easy to use, lightweight, free.

TunnelBear – a VPN tunneling application. To work with this program you just need to download, install, sign up for an account, and choose the location of the content you want to access. Free.

Tor Rulez

- Tor – бесплатная анонимная виртуальная сеть.

- Работает проводя запрос через серию маршрутизаторов, каждый из которых имеет свой слой шифрования, скрывая источник и назначение запроса.

- Создали в ВМС США. В 2002г рассекретили.

- Electronic Frontier Foundation, развила сеть до 2000 нодов по всей планете.

Tor Sucks

- Есть уязвимости

- Чувствителен к атакам и блокировке

- Один из узлов может быть взломан или злонамерен

- Portable Tor (not functioning)

Tor Button

Кнопка Tor – вкл/выкл

Get Tor for your PC

http://www.torproject.org/

Download

Stable Vidalia Bundle(Windows 7)

Extract and Run

Press ‘Agree’& ‘Next’ all the time

Firefox will be restarted with a ‘Button’ add-on

Enjoy your illegal stuff =)

Tor + Portable Mozilla Firefox

Tor + Google Chrome

Proxy Switchy!

Cache / Web Archive

Сохранение документов на прокси-серверах или машине пользователя, чтобы не загружать их с сервера-источника и уменьшить трафик, приблизив его к юзеру.

Lecture 11

UN DPI

Распространение инф о проектах.. работе агенства.. Организации..

.. посредством соц медиа

Почему соц медиа?

- Почти Все там (и журналисты и те, кто ищет новости)

- Источник инф

- Добраться до молодых

- Творчески

Что хорошего?

- Deliver & Collect

- нструмент инф компаний

- Сбора отзывов

Рмски и Угрозы

- Нестабильный доступ в некоторых странах

- «Прелести» UGC, включая искажение фактов и троллинг

Обратная связь (Feedback)

- Комментарии

- Упоминания

Основный платформы (каз)

- Facebook

- Twitter

- Yvision

- YouTube

- Flickr etc.

Мой мир

Одноклассники

(аудитория идет за контентом)

Вконтакте

(аудитория идет за другим контентом)

Живой журнал блокирован

Facebook

Что?

- Личные профайлы

- Группы

- Страницы

- Настройки приватности

Как?

- Разновидовый, направленный контент

- Периодичность

Страницы

- Пользователь сам знает (Like)

- Профессиональное публичное присутствие

- Можно вести «от лица» страницы

Twitter

- Специфика. Тенденция. Микроблоггинг.

- Короткие апдейты.

- Ссылки

- Общение через команду @username

Хэштэги – команды, группирующие тематические апдейты #topic

Потенциал личных профайлов

Share and Retweet

Блоги

- Не такие малые формы.

- Творчество за рамками пресс-релизов

- Аудитория

- Заголовок (информативный, активный залог)

- Лид (без официоза и лирики)

- Параграфы, простые предлодения, цитаты

- Визуализация

Политика

- интерактивности

- френдования

- привлечения популярных блогеров

- блоггинг = коммитмент

- коммуникация ≠ трансляция

- массовость соцмедиа ≠ спам

Другие платформы

- Avaaz.org. Инструменты: петиции, эдвокаси, международные сети

- Witness.org. Инструмент: видео

- Rising Voices. Инструмент: новые медиа и микрогранты

ООН

- аккаунты ведут головные офисы

- внутренние регуляции не запрещают вести это на местном уровне

- вовлечение, начиная с малых кампаний, исходя из интересов сообществ

- планирование должно иметь гибкость учитывая слабую предсказуемость онлайн

- think globally, act locally.

Thanks

- More than 2 billion people online

- Over 500 million use Facebook

- 51 % of FB users ‘like’ & support causes 7 social campaigns

Lecture 12

Creative Commons

Since 2002

70-55

- Non-profit organization

- Free licenses to protect or open up your creative content

- Legally

- Technically

- Clearly

Copyright, or All rights reserved

The idea of universal access to research, education & culture is made possible by the Internet.

Copyright was created before the Internet, and can make it hard to legally perform actions we take for granted: copy, paste, edit source, etc. Default setting of copyright law requires all of these actions to have explicit permission.

Creative Commons

aims to set up a free, public & standardized infrastructure that balances the reality of the Internet & the reality of copyright laws…

Copyleft, or some rights reserved

2004 – 4.7m licensed works

2006 – 50m licensed works

2008 – Nine Inch Nails LP licensed under CC.

2012 – 500m licensed works

Flickr, Jamendo, Wikipedia, DeviantART, White House, GSK..

More information about Creative Commons

Attribution. All CC licenses require that others who use your work in any way must give

you credit the way you request, but not in a way that suggests you endorse them or

their use. If they want to use your work without giving you credit or for endorsement

purposes, they must get your permission first.

NonCommercial. You let others copy, distribute, display, perform, and (unless you

have chosen NoDerivatives) modify and use your work for any purpose other than

commercially unless they get your permission first.

ShareAlike. You let others copy, distribute, display, perform, and modify your work,

as long as they distribute any modified work on the same terms. If they want to

distribute modified works under other terms, they must get your permission first.

NoDerivatives. You let others copy, distribute, display and perform only original copies

of your work. If they want to modify your work, they must get your permission first.

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