Kazakh-American-University

Kazakh-American-University

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History of Kazakhstan I year students

Lecture 9-10 All departments

Instructor: 2007-2008 academic year

Taichikova K.T. Winter trimester

Kazakh Khandom in XV-XVII cc.

The objective of the lecture: To show the reasons of the foundation of Kazakh Khandom, territory, population, activity of Kazakh Khans in XV-XVII cc.. Ethnogenesis of Kazakh people. Term “Kazakh”. Relationships of Kazakh Khans with neighbor states. Struggle for Syrdarya towns.

Outline of the lekture:

1. Foundation of the Kasakh Khandom.

2. Kazakh Khandom in the end of the XV c.

3. Kazakh Khandom in the XVI c.

4. Kazakh Khandom in the XVII c.

The territory of Kazakh Khandom. Kazakh Khandom occupied the territory lesser, than the territory of settling of Kazakhs in the different periods of existence (XV-XVIIc.). For example, Zain ad-Din Vasiphi in his work “Badai al-vakai” wrote, that the Kazakhstan occupied the territory between Chu and Talas (period of khanes Zhanibek and Kirey)

Author of “Nikhman name –i-Bukhara” wrote, that the kazakhs settled from Edil to Syrdarya. According Russian sources “Knige Bolshomu Chertezhu” (XVIIc.) kazakhs settled along the middle flow of Syrdarya and in Sarysu, near the Ulytau (Sary-Arka).

Founation of Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan, Nogai Horde had the great meaning in the forming of Kazakh statehood. This statehoods had many commons: organization of ulus system, structure of khane power, organization of military forces, taxation and so on.

Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan and Nogai Horde prepared conditions for genesis of Kazakh people, for consolidated kazakh, nogai, kyrgyz, uzbek, uigur peoples.

Khanes Zhanibek and Kirey. The concrete course of Kazakh Khanate forming was connected with an inside, political situation of two states – Abulkhair khanate and Mogulistan. The Chingizides dissension weakened Abulkhair’s Khanate and his fought with his enemies couldn’t consolidate the khan’s power. Sultans Zhanibek and Kirey quarelled with Abulkhair and struggled against the Shaibanides for restoration of power of Ak-Horde khans dynasty. According historical cronicles Zhanibek and Kirey were closed relatives. Both of them had a right on power. Zhanibek was a son of last ruler of Ak-Horde Barak-Khan. Kirey was elder, than Zhanibek.

Zhanibek and Kirey, having united tribal groups of nomad and seminomad population of Dasht-i-Kipchak, which were depending on them, moved to the territory of Western Zhetysu in Mogulistan in the form of protest in 1459-1460. Esen-Buka, the ruler of Mogulistan united with the Kazakh leaders, hoping with their help to guarantee security of Mogulistan’s frontiers against Abulkhair, the Timurides, Kalmyks territorial claims.

In 40-50-s of XVc. Zhanibek and Kirey occupied the territories of southern Kazakhstan, lower Syrdarya, and nothern Turkestan. Suzak, Sygnak, Sauran and other fortress belonged to Zhanibek and Kirey. Tribes, which supported Zhanibek and Kirey couldn’t to move in steppe regions, and Abulkhair tribes couldn’t to move in lower Syrdarya and Karatau.

In 20-s years of XVc. Oirats invaded to Semirecheye. In 1457 Abulkhair was defeated by oirats and Abulkhair conclude shameful treaty.

In 1462 after Esen-Buka’s death in Mogulistan the total anachy came in fact. Attempts of the Mogul rulers to seize the important economic and strategic Syrdaria towns in the south of Kazakhstan didn’t change the general political situation, their power in Zhetysu was growing more weaker. In this conditions foundation of the Kazakh Khanate in the valleys of the Chu and Talas rivers was quite natural act.

East Turkestan historian Mukhammed Khaidar in his work “Tarihi-Rashidi” dated the time of forming of Kazakh Khanate in 1466. Abulkhair’s aspiration to prevent forming of the Kazakh Khanate and strengthening of Zhanibek Kirey were vain. The number of tribes, which were dependent on Zhanibek and Kirey had been increasing, particularly after Abulkhair’s death in 1468, so that the number of the people, which gathered near them reached 200000 men.

Sources tell us about active foreign policy of the first Kazakh Khans, directed to widening of the khanates territory and becoming firmly established their power over the Syr-Darya towns and the steppe regions of the Eastern Dasht-i-Kipchak.

Kazakh Khandom in the end of XV and in beg. of XVIc.

1) Khandom of Abulkhair dissappeared

2) Timurides lost power in Maveranakhr and in the beg. of XVIc. fought with the grandson of Abulkhair – Mukhamad Shaibani.

3) Mogulistan disintegrated into several independent states.

4) Golden Horde disintegrated into Siberian, Astrakhan and Kazan states.

After Abulkhair’s death, Kazakh Khans began struggle for power. Their main rivals were – son of Abulkhair – Shaikh-Khaidar and grandsons – Mukhamed Shaibani and Makhmud-sultan.

After death of Shaikh-Khaidar, grandsons of Abulkhair escaped to Turkestan-just here the main historical events begun.

The main reason – economic and strategic position. Syrdarya towns were important economic-commercial centre for population of steppe regoins. This towns were a solid fortresses and administrative-political centers. The middle and lower parts of Syrdarya were the rich pastures for kazakh tribes.

The same reasons we can see on the territory of Dasht-i-Kipchak. Struggle between Shaibanides, Timurides and Moghul khanes. During 30 years they fought between each others. In 70-s of XVc. Were a few battles near the Sauran, Suzak and other places. For example, Yassy and Turkestan were captured now Kazakh Khans, now Muhamed Shaibani. The leader of Kazakh army was a khan Burunduk (son of Kirey) at that time. According one sources he was declared as a Khan in 1470, according others in 1480.

In 80-90-s of XVc. The struggle for Syrdarya towns was continued. As a result, in the end of XVc. Suzak, Sygnak, Sauran were submitted by Kazakh Khans. Mukhamed Shaibani conquered Otrar, Yassy, Uzkent, Arkuk. He hadn’t forces for conquering power in steppe. So, in the end of XVc. The borders of Kazakh Khandom were extended and included the territories of Western Semirechye, towns of Southern Kazakhstan, region of Karatau, lower Syrdarya and the main part of Central Kazakhstan.

Djuchides moved from Kazakhstan to Astrakhan, Siberian and Kazan Khandoms. To the beginning of XVIc. Kazakh Khandom occupied the territory of Ak-Horde and part of Mogulistan.

Kasymkhan (1512-1521). The most strengthning of Kazakh Khandom begun in the first quarter of XVIc. in the ruling of Kasymkhan – son of Zhanybek (was born in 1455). He was a famous general and participated in many battles. In 1510 Mukhamed Shaibani attempted to capture Sygnak again, but was defeated by Kasymkhan. Kasymkhan was in friendly terms with khan of Mogulistan – Sultan Said. Kasymkhan extended his power to all territory of Kazakhstan. In 1514 Sultan Said left Kazakhstan and moved to Eastern Turkestan, that’s why Kasymkhan usurpated power in Semirechye. Borders of kazakh state extended from Jaik to Syrdarya, from Caspian sea to Balkhash. The population of Kazakh Khandom reached 1 million men. Kazakhstan was well-known by western countries at that time and were estsblished diplomatic relations with Moscow state.

Kazakh Khandom in the ruling of Khak-Nazar and Tauekel (XVIc.) After death of Kasym-khan the new wave of feuds begun between djuchides, which weakened of Kazakh Khandom. The alliance was founded against kazakhs: uzbeks and moguls. Kazakh khans lost Syrdarya towns. Kazakh khan Takhir (1523-1533) was defeated by khan of Nogai Horde. He tried to return Syrdarya towns. Syrdarya towns – Sygnak, Otrar, Turkestan (Yassy from XVIc.) and others were under the power of Shaibanids of Maverannakhr.

The main directions of external policy of Kazakh khans were:

1) on the south-east – against moguls and oirats.

2) On the north-west – against nogais and tatars.

Famous kazakh khan Khak-Nazar (1538-1580) son of Kasymkhan tried to restore borders of Kazakh Khandom in the time of his father. But it was impossible:

1) Borders of Moscow state reached Kazakhstan, after conquest of Kazan, Siberian and Astrakhan Khandoms.

2) Time by time oirats invaded to Semirechye.

Khan Khak-Nazar extended borders of Kazakhstan in thw West and South, but in 1580 he was killed in one of the battles. After death of Khak-Nazar, Shigai (descendant of Zhanibek) was declared a khan of Kazakh Khandom. But he ruled only two years. He participated in campaign of Uzbek Khan Abdallakh and received some towns of Turkestan for participating.

Tauekel – son of Shigai ruled from 1586 till 1598. He seized number towns in Turkestan region, he fought with numerous rivals – Kazakh sultans, sons of Khak-Nazar. After establishing diplomatic relations with Moscow state he undertook new campaign to Middle Asia and submitted all Syrdarya towns. He was wounded in one of the battles and died.

Kazakh Khandom in XVIIc. Khan Esim – son of Shigai ruled in 1598-1628. He was a youngest khan and occupied thron, when he was 20 years old. Turkestan with it’s towns and also Tashkent entered into the structure of Kazakh Khanate. Thus, the long struggle of the kazakh khans for the settled-agricultural regions of the South Kazakhstan and towns in the Middle Syrdarya was complited. From that time this region and Tashkent (for 200 years) finally entered into the structure of Kazakh state. Esim was named Kazakh «статный богатырь» for his bravery.

After Esim’s death, his son Zhangir became a khan of Kazakh Khandom (1628-1680) and for his struggle against zhungars he was named «неудержимый».

Strengthening of the Kazak state begun in ruling of khan Tauke (1680-1718), the kazakh union with Kirgizs and Kara-kalpaks weakened the oirat’s invasions to Kazakh lands for long time.

However, soon hard economic and political situation in Kazakhstan was stipulated by:

1) ceaseless raids of oirats.

2) Internal intestine wars.

3) Unstable relations with Central Asian rulers.

4) Building of the Russian military fortifications in the North, West and East of the Kazakh lands.

Khan Tauke managed:

1) to normalize somewhat the political situation in the state.

2) He undertook a number of measures in order to raise of the khan power.

3) Overcome separatism of the nobility.

4) Consolidation of the Kazakh people.

He looked for ways for union and peaceful relations with neighboring states. In his time the Code of the regulations of customary law “Zhety-Zhargy”, determined the main principles of law and order and state structure was made up.

With completion of Tauke-khan’s ruling the history of united Kazakh state was completed and history of three Kazakh states, established on the territory of three Kazakh Zhuz, begun.

1. Glossary

Completion	завершение, окончание
Somewhat	несколько, до некоторой степени
However	тем не менее, все-таки, однако
Ceaseless	бесконечный, непрекращающийся
Stipulate	обуславливать
Intestine	внутренний, междоусобный
Unstable	нетвердый, неустойчивый, изменчивый
Determine	определять
Overcome	предотвратить
Descendant	потомок
Rival	соперник
Solid	прочный
Dissention	разногласие
Aspiration	стремление

1. Tasks for IWS: Make up a table: “Kazakh Khandom in XV-XVII cc.”
2. Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Foreign policy of Kassym-khan and Khaknazar-khan”.
3. Home tasks: Write essay: “Zhety-Zhargy”- laws of Tauke.
4. List of the reference on the theme

1. Асфендияров С.Д. История Казахстана (с древних времен): Уч. Пособие / Под ред. А.С.Такенова. – Алма-Ата, 1993. – 2-е изд.

2. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. – Алматы: Дэуир, 1993.

3. История Казахстана: Пособие для студентов. – Алматы: Казинтерграф, 1998.

4. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб. Пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000.

5. Оразбаева А.И. Курс лекций по истории Казахстана для студентов неисторических факультетов. Часть 1. Древняя и средневековая история Казахстана. – Алматы: Казак университетi, 2001.

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