EX. 1. Match the words to their definitions.

Scottish dialects.

EX. 1. Match the words to their definitions.

1. vernacular	a) a person who settles in an area, typically one with no or few previous inhabitants.
2. confine to	b) preserve (a right, tradition, or idea) in a form that ensures it will be protected and respected
3. settler	c) a person who lives outside their native country
4. proximity	d) figurative seem to be appealing or inviting
5. enshrine	e) the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
6. expat	f) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, unspoiled countryside, and historic buildings that have been passed down from previous generations
7. beckon	g) be an omen of a particular outcome
8. resurgence	h) nearness in space, time, or relationship
9. heritage	i) keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits of (space, scope, quantity, or time)
10. bode	j) increasing or reviving after a period of little activity, popularity, or occurrence

EX. 2. Use the words from Ex. 1 to fill in the gaps in the following sentences. Make your own sentences using the words above.

1. It would rarely happen that the delinquency to be redressed would be _________ a single member, and if there were more than one who had neglected their duty, similarity of situation would induce them to unite for common defense.

2. Tamimi led weekly protests against Jewish ___________ who had seized a well in Nabi Saleh, in the West Bank.

3. Tokyo is world's 'most expensive city' for _________ staff. Tokyo has become the world's most expensive city for foreign staff to live in

4. They sat on a bench, the three of them, for the others had gone on, and while the girls talked in rapid German, Philip, indifferent to their __________, feasted his eyes.

5. Words can mean one thing when applied in a specialized context, and quite another in the _______________.

6. There are fears that as the crisis escalates it will hurt investor sentiment in Europe and dent demand.That does not _________ well for developing economies, especially in Asia, which rely heavily on demand from the eurozone for their exports.

7. There was an expression of ineffable sadness on her face as she spoke, and I could not but feel that she knew that I knew her secret, and that this was her way of transmitting to you a last tender message from a heart that might still ____________ your memory, though its possessor belonged to another.

8. A ________ Lottery grant of £675,000 has given a boost to a campaign to secure a painting for a Birmingham gallery.The painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds of Dr John Ash, founder of Birmingham's first hospital, is being sold by the Queen Elizabeth Hospital.

9. She is one of just six permanent residents at the peace camp, which has been by the side of a road outside the west of Scotland base for 30 years. However, she feels there is going to be a «______________» in the anti-nuclear movement.

10. Behind them was the dark forest they had passed safely through, although they had suffered many discouragements; but before them was a lovely, sunny country that seemed to __________ them on to the Emerald City.

Scottish dialects

Scots, Gaelic and Standard English are the prevalent languages but don't forget the dialects.

Speech and accent are part of who we are.

The language we use and our pronunciation are indicators to the outside world of where we come from and the linguistic traits we acquire along the way.

English and Gaelic may be the prevalent languages in Scotland today.

Within this there are regional dialects and turns of phrase distinct to their locality.

Scots history.

Before the Act of Union 1707, Gaelic was the dominant language in the Highlands with Scots spoken in the Lowlands.

Following the Treaty, English was encouraged as the language of those in authority, used for legal documents and adopted among the wealthier classes in society.

Social class and Scots.

Scots is a Germanic language which developed from Old English and Old Norse. Also referred to as Doric, Lallans, Scotch and colloquially as Dundonian, Buchan and so on.

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, ratified in 1992, recognised its role as a language traditionally spoken and therefore its importance in Scottish culture.

The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 acknowledged Gaelic as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language.

Languages.

Standard English, Scots and Scottish Gaelic are the main languages spoken today.

Venture to the Highlands and Islands where you'll hear Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language. This is similar to but should not be confused with Irish Gaelic and other branches of the language spoken in Cape Breton.

Government and education systems use Scottish Standard English in communication.

Regional dialects such as braid Scots (broad Scots) and Doric which come under the Scots language are mostly spoken, as far afield as Ulster with the Ulster Scots vernacular prevalent in parts of the Province.

Dialects

Scots has regional dialects characteristic of particular areas of the country. There are different theories about where each originates although most are a mixture of languages.

Insular Scots is associated with the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands giving Orcadian and Shetlandic. Many phrases used in the Northern Isles today come from historic ties with Scandinavia. This influence is still evident in traditions like Up Helly Aa which have their roots in Viking culture. Geographic isolation from the Mainland helped these tongues develop as they have.

Northern Scots can be heard in Aberdeenshire, Caithness, Easter Ross and Moray. Doric is commonly associated with the north east and is celebrated in its own festival, 'a twa wikk lang splore o the tung, sangs, music and traditions o oor byous Doric culture'. Broadcaster Robbie Shepherd is a great advocate of the language.

Some would say that the term Doric derives from the dialect of the same name in Ancient Greek. Doric meant rustic in English with Edinburgh being referred to as the Athens of the North. Further reference to the anglicised language used there in comparison to the dialect spoken in rural areas like the North East.

In Tayside, there are subtle differences in Scots ranging from Dundonian in the city of Dundee and its surrounds to the broad dialect of the Angus Glens.

The Central Lowlands and South West are associated with Central Scots. The South West was influenced by people moving from Glasgow and across the Irish Sea while Southern Scots spoken in the Borders and Dumfriesshire is also known as border Scots.

Differences.

The dialects have also given us differences in terms used. Glasgow pattern is quite distinct. Words used extensively in one area are not to be found elsewhere. Ken? In Ayrshire, yes. Elsewhere, not so much.

Scots dialects extend beyond these shores. Ulster Scots or Ullans is yet another dialect attributed to Scottish settlers in Northern Ireland and which is still spoken there.

Robbie Shepherd, Radio Scotland presenter, believes that: "it's a natural way of speaking" which gets stronger the further you go out of Aberdeen. The Buchan area for example is very strong Doric and you get a different type of Doric if you go to the Mearns.

There are similarities between Doric and Shetlandic which could be due to geographical proximity and the influence of World War One - if you were from Shetland you joined the Gordon Highlanders.

As a language, Scots has many forms depending on where you are in Scotland and is not confined to an oral tradition. It has been enshrined in some of the best written works in Scottish literary tradition.

Robert Burns wrote some of the best loved poems and who's influence has extended around the globe. Who hasn't sung Auld Lang Syne as a new year beckons on 31 December.

Others who come to mind are Sheila Blackhall, known for her works in Doric, as is Charles Murray.

Angus Peter Campbell and Sorley MacLean are just two writers who have promoted Gaelic through their literary works.

The future.

Recent years have seen a resurgence in the efforts to recognise and use dialects, mostly through the education system. Gaelic medium education is available for more primary and secondary school age children. The use of Scots is also being encouraged in some schools.

Glasgow City Council has launched a plan to increase the use of Gaelic throughout the city.

Not just a spoken language, more has been written in 'the tongue of the North East' in recent years. 'Fit Like Yer Majesty' and 'Nae Bad Ava!' which encouraged children to write poems in Doric.

Encouraging children to write and speak doesn't just help the preservation of the language but has other benefits too.

There are more publications written in Scots, Doric and Gaelic. Robbie Shepherd writes a column in Doric in the Press and Journal and The Leopard is a monthly publication. There are several newspaper articles in Gaelic, see The Scotsman or West Highland Free Press for example.

This revived interest in native tongues can't just be attributed to nostalgia and expats who want to maintain a link with Scotland.

As Robbie Shepherd points out, learning another language also helps our understanding of the words of Lewis Grassic Gribbon and William Alexander for example.

Work in festivals including the Strichen Festival and the Doric Festival have raised awareness and promoted the culture of the area. The schools are getting involved now. Elphinstone Institute of Aberdeen encourages songs, poetry and books in the Doric. It also takes in Ulster Scots.

The Royal National Mod started more than 100 years ago as a singing competition which pays homage to the rich Gaelic singing tradition.

Traditional Music and Song Association of Scotland have festivals all over the place and take people to Arran and Edinburgh for example to swap our stories and culture.

The way forward is too push it in the schools. Buchan Heritage Society bring song, dance and Scottish country dancing into the schools.

With Scots, Doric and Gaelic increasingly appearing on the curriculum and more recognition of the arts and culture of each area, surely these bode well for the future of Scotland's distinct and rich languages, whatever the tongue.

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