Самостійна робота №1
Тема: Rail transport
Завдання: переписати текст “Rail transport” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
rolling stock − рухомий склад
rail − рейка
sleepers/ties − шпали
however − проте, однак
resting on − спираючись на
is carried out − здійснюється
Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of transportation of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks they run on. Track usually consists of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves. However, other variations are also possible, such as slab track where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.
The operation is carried out by a railway company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electrical power from a railway electrification system or produce their own power, usually by diesel engines. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system. Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport.
Answer these questions:
1. Where does rail transport run?
2. What does track consist of?
3. Is the operation carried out by a railway company or by building contractor?
4. What are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport?
Самостійна робота №2
Тема: Movement of Passenger Traffic
Завдання: переписати текст “Movement of Passenger Traffic” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
terminal − кінцева зупинка
seems so simple − здається такою простою
to realize − вважати
small army − мала кількість
have been gone − оброблений
to make certain − переконатись
Movement of Passenger Traffic
A modern train stands in the terminal ready to receive its passengers. It departs at the moment called for by its schedule. The program of departure seems so simple that few passengers realize that it has required the services of a small army of railroad employees to make the movement possible.
Every car in the train has received careful inspection inside and out to make certain of its mechanical condition. Each car has been washed: not only have inside woodwork and floors been scrubbed, but carpets and seats have been gone over with vacuum cleaners.
Preparations for dining service constitute a considerable operation. Food supplies have been requisitioned from the store rooms, and stored in the car refrigerators, cupboards and small but complete pantry. Clean linen has been stocked.
Answer these questions:
1. Where does a train receive its passengers?
2. At what moment does it depart?
3. Who makes the movement possible?
4. For what purpose has every car received careful inspection?
5. Where is food stored?
Самостійна робота №3
Тема: Movement of Freight Traffic
Завдання: переписати текст “Movement of Freight Traffic” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
initial − початковий
prior to − перед тим
conductor − провідник
billing − відомість
intermediate − проміжний
wheel report − дорожна відомість
lading − вантаж
to consign − відправляти, призначатись
successive − послідовний
delivery − видача, доставка
Movement of Freight Traffic
Movement of freight starts at the initial terminal where the train is made up in the classification yard. Here cars are classified or sorted, those for the same destinations being collected in groups or blocks. These are assembled on a departure track.
Prior to leaving the yard terminal office the freight conductor receives a series of sheets called billing, which show the number, character and destination of each car in his train, and checks the train for correct make-up. When the train is ready to move, a signal from the conductor to the engineer starts on its way. Except for stops for water or fuel a through freight train will run normally to the next intermediate terminal without stop or change in it consist. The conductor makes out what is called a wheel report, listing the initials and numbers of each car, weight of the car, weight of lading and to the points between which the train moves it. At intermediate terminals cars consigned to destinations within the particular territory are cut of the train. New cars at intermediate terminals may be added. The train progresses by successive stops through other intermediate terminals to final destination, where it moves to the terminal yard.
At that point cars are classified for delivery to the various industries, the operation being carried out by local yard crew.
Answer these questions:
1. Where are freight cars classified?
2. Does a through train have any stops?
3. What does billing show?
4. What are the wheel reports?
5. Where are cars cut out of the train?
Самостійна робота №4
Тема: A locomotive
Завдання: переписати текст “A locomotive” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
motive power − рушійна сила
originates from − походить від
to distinguish − розрізняти
motivus − рухатись
payload − корисне навантаження
A locomotive
A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus, "place" + Medieval Latin motivus", causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th century to distinguish between mobile and stationary steam engines.
A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own, and its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks. In contrast, some trains have self-propelled payload-carrying vehicles.
Traditionally, locomotives pull trains from the front. Increasingly common is push-pull operation, where a locomotive pulls the train in one direction and pushes it in the other, and can be controlled from a control cab at the other end of the train.
Answer these questions:
1. What provides the motive power for a train?
2. What is the sole purpose of a locomotive?
3. What does it mean push-pull operation?
Самостійна робота №5
Тема: A railcar
Завдання: переписати текст “A railcar” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання
self-propelled − самохідний
in reference to − у відношенні до
A railcar
A railcar, in British English and Australian English, is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. The term "railcar" is usually used in reference to a train consisting of a single coach (carriage, car), with a driver's cab at one or both ends. Some railways, e.g., the Great Western Railway, used the term Railmotor. If it is able to pull a full train, it is rather called a motor coach or a motor car.
The term is sometimes also used as an alternative name for the small types of multiple unit which consist of more than one coach. The term is used more generally now in Ireland to refer to any diesel multiple unit or in some cases electric multiple unit.
In North America the term "railcar" has a much broader meaning, and the term is used to refer to any kind of railroad car, including unpowered freight cars. This article concerns only the British and Australian English meaning of the term.
Answer these questions:
1. What is a self-propelled railway vehicle?
2. Is a driver's cab at one or both ends?
3. What is called a motor coach?
Самостійна робота №6
Тема: Cars
Завдання: переписати текст “Cars” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
vary considerably − значно відрізняється
properly cared − піклуватись належним чином
artistic interior − внутрішнє оздоблення
Cars
Railway passenger train cars are of many different types and vary considerably in design due to the various kinds of traffic to be handled. Formerly all the passenger cars were made of wood and equipped with hand brakes, coal or wood burning stoves and oil lamps. At the present time very few of cars in service are of wooden construction, the majority being of steel construction. Steel passenger cars are much safer then wooden cars, they can be built to carry a great number of passengers, and if properly cared for they last longer than wooden cars.
Comfort and sanitary conditions are now given first consideration. A typical modern passenger car is about 23.6m long, seat 48 passengers, weights 50 tons, is of steel construction, and is carried on four-wheeled trucks. All coaches are fitted with a hot water heating system and lighted by electricity. Improved seats and toilet facilities have added to the comfort of the travelers. Increasing attention is also given to artistic interior finish.
Answer these questions:
1. What were cars made of formerly?
2. What are cars made of at the present time?
3. Are steel cars much safer than wooden cars?
4. What is the length of a typical modern passenger car?
5. What are all coaches fitted with?
6. What have added to the comfort of the travelers?
Самостійна робота №7
Тема: Classification yards
Завдання: переписати текст “Classification yards” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
a number of – певна кількість
closely spaced – близько розташований
assigned to – призначений для
hump yards – сортувальна гірка
as fast as – настільки швидко як
retarder – уповільнювач
Classification yards
A classification yard consists mainly of a number of closely spaced parallel tracks. Each track is reserved for cars assigned to a particular route. Incoming trains approach the yard along a main track at one end.
Hump yards speed the work of classification. These yards make use of the law of gravity. In the hump yards, switch engines push incoming trains along a single track to the top of low hill, or hump. On the other side of the hump, the track branches out into a number of classification tracks. As each car reaches the top of the hump, it is uncoupled and the proper switches are opened. The car is weighed, and it rolls down the hump onto its assigned track.
The newest hump yards are almost completely automated. Computers control most of the yard operations. They assign cars to the proper track and so reduce the possibility of error. They also operate the hump switches and control special braking devices built into the hump tracks. These devices, called retarders, regulate a car’s speed as it rolls down the hump.
Answer these questions:
1. What does a classification yard consist of?
2. For what purpose is each track reserved?
3. What are the chief types of classification yards?
4. What is the function of switch engine?
5. Why does classification take a long time at the flat yards?
6. What is the function of switch engine at the hump yard?
7. What controls most of the yard operations at the newest hump yard?
8. Why are some devices called retarders?
Самостійна робота №8
Тема: Financial and economic department
Завдання: переписати текст “Financial and economic department” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту.
unified − єдиний
implementation − реілізація
ensure − забезпечити
non-negotiable and negotiable assets − необоротні та оборотні активи
Financial and economic department
Main objectives:
· part in shaping and carrying out a unified policy of economic and social development of the road, plans and projections, development of mechanisms for their implementation;
· participate in the development and implementation of corporate financial management system, material resources, accounting and reporting systems and information systems for financial and economic issues;
· economic analysis of financial and economic activity of the road and its structural divisions;
· management of financial flows, which provides for stable operation of the road;
· control the flow of revenue from traffic and other activities of the road and ensuring the proper use of financial and other resources;
· monitoring the management of funds, non-negotiable and negotiable assets, for the timely payment of employees’ wages, holding the budget settlements, taxes and charges.
Самостійна робота №9
Тема: Regulations the service of commercial work and marketing
Завдання: переписати текст “Regulations the service of commercial work and marketing” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту.
deduction − обрахування
pretentious meetings − претензійні засідання
term of renewal − термін виконання
flexible rate policy − гнучка тарифна політика
access roads − під’їзні шляхи
complex forwarding services − комплексне транспортно-експедиторське обслуговування
Regulations about to service of commercial work and marketing
The service of commercial work and marketing activity is guided by the Constitution of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine, decisions Supreme Council of Ukraine, decrees and orders of the President of Ukraine, decrees, decisions and orders of the Cabinet of Ukraine, the Charter of railways of Ukraine, orders of the Ministry of transport of Ukraine, the Ukrainian railways, and also this Position.
The basic tasks of service are:
· Technical management of economy in some area, development and introduction of actions for deduction and development of an economy on the basis of scientific and technical progress and first of all means of automation and computer facilities, the best practices and the scientific organization of work, a safety of movement of trains and protection of work;
· Development and control of performance the railway actions for maintenance of cargoes safety, work on acts of claims on safe transportations and compensation of expenses which are related to a delay of cars at transfer stations. Participation in pretentious meetings for protection of interests of the railway on not safe transportations;
· Development and introduction the complex of actions for the further increase of the railway profit;
· The control of quality and terms of renewal of contracts on operation of access roads, transfer to rent of freight cars;
· Creation of conditions for high quality realization of the users service of the railway transportation based on granting of complex forwarding services;
· Realization of marketing researches of transport services on the purpose of attraction the transportations of additional volumes of cargoes;
· Development and introduction of a flexible rate policy in local communication and entering of offers on its improvement for the coordination the established order;
· Introduction of strategy of foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian railways within the points limited to this Position;
· Increase of the railway work profit due to expansion of transport services;
· Maintenance of rights of workers on protection of their life and health during labour activity.
Самостійна робота №10
Тема: Station facilities
Завдання: переписати текст “ Station facilities ” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
left-luggage − камера зберігання
lost-and-found − бюро знахідок
departures and arrivals boards − розклад приїзду та від’їзду потягів
luggage carts − візки для вантажу
Station facilities
Railway stations usually have ticket booths (British English: "ticket office" or "booking office"), ticket machines, or both, although on some lines tickets are sold on board the trains. Ticket sales may also be combined with customer service desks or convenience stores. Many stations include a form of convenience store. Larger stations usually have fast-food or restaurant facilities. In some countries, stations may also have a bar or pub. Other station facilities may include: toilets, left-luggage, lost-and-found, departures and arrivals boards, luggage carts, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus bays. Larger or manned stations tend to have a greater range of facilities. A most basic station might only have platforms, though it might still be distinguished from a halt, a stopping or halting place that may not even have platforms.
In many African and South American countries, and in many places in India, stations are used as a place for public markets and other informal business. This is especially true on tourist routes or stations near tourist destinations, as souvenirs can be made and sold to "wealthy" visitors to the country.
As well as providing services for passengers and loading facilities for goods, stations can sometimes have locomotive and rolling stock depots (usually with facilities for storing and refueling locomotives and rolling stock and carrying out minor repair jobs).
Answer these questions:
1. What do railway stations usually have?
2. Do they have a flight board?
3. Are any stations used as a place for public cinema?
4. Stations sometimes have locomotive and rolling stock depots, haven’t they?
Самостійна робота №11
Тема: Goods stations
Завдання: переписати текст “Goods stations” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
purely − лише
transshipment stations − перевалочні станції
wheeled ramps − колісні пандуси
fork-lift − навантажувач
conveyor belts − конвеєрні стрічки
marshalling or shunting sidings − сортувальні та маневрові під’їзні шляхи
Goods stations
Goods or freight stations deal with the loading and unloading of goods and may have marshalling yards (classification yards) for the sorting of wagons.
Many goods stations today are used purely for the cross-loading of freight and may be known as transshipment stations. Where they primarily handle containers they are also known as container stations or terminals.
A goods station is usually equipped with a large number of storage and loading sidings in order to fulfil its task. On the loading sidings there may be fixed facilities, such as cranes or conveyor belts, or temporary equipment, such as wheeled ramps for the loading of sugar beet.
Container terminals are equipped with special cranes and fork-lift vehicles for loading containers from lorries or ships onto the railway vehicles, or vice-versa.
If only a small section of a station is used for the loading and unloading of goods, it may be referred to as the "loading area" or "loading dock" and has its own access. Often there are no facilities for loading and the individual firm has to organise its own loading equipment such as conveyor belts or lorry cranes.
Such loading areas were mainly to be found on branch lines, narrow gauge railways and at smaller stations.
Medium-sized and larger goods stations usually have marshalling or shunting sidings to enable trains to be divided amongst the various local loading and sorting sidings and industrial branches, at the same time performing the function of a small railway hub. In many European countries they are also equipped with a hump yard.
Answer these questions:
1. What do goods or freight stations deal with?
2. For what purpose do goods stations have marshalling yards?
3. What temporary equipment do the loading sidings have?
4. What does it mean "loading area"?
Самостійна робота №12
Тема: Railroad workers
Завдання: переписати текст “Railroad workers” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
safety precautions − запобіжні заходи
supervise − контролювати
mandatory training − обов’язкове навчання
adherence − дотримання
Railroad workers
The term “Railroad Worker” could apply to many things, including workers who install and repair rails; inspect, tend, and operate trains; or assist and interact with passengers in any way. Railroad workers ranged from dispatchers and switchmen to salespeople and clerks. Many railroad jobs require training in electronics, computer operations, marketing, and other fields.
Perhaps the best-known railroad jobs are those of the train crew. Most crews consist of a conductor to supervise the train's operation, an engineerto run the locomotive, one or two brakemen to uncouple cars and do various other tasks, and possibly a fireman. In the days of steam locomotives, the fireman tended the locomotive boiler. On a passenger train, the fireman helped the engineer and checked safety precautions. Railroads began eliminating firemen in the 1960's.
At the end of 20th century, railroads argued that improved equipment and operational changes permitted many freight-train operations to be conducted safely with smaller crews—an engineer, a conductor, and perhaps one brakeman.
Railroad Workers are called upon to be versatile and dynamic. In the course of your mandatory training, you’ll learn most of what your daily activities will call for. In the field, however, things can change rapidly. You need to constantly have your head on a swivel.
Watching for traffic and signal patterns, understanding travel and shipping orders, and recognizing early symptoms of mechanical problems are all vital to ensuring everyone’s safety and keeping the trains running efficiently. Be prepared to work outdoors, inside trains, and in cramped mechanical access spaces. Good adherence to safety procedures will protect you from trains, heavy cargo, and machinery injury.
Answer these questions:
1. What are the best-known railroad jobs?
2. What do the most crews consist of?
3. Why was the fireman’s job eliminated?
4. What are vital to ensuring everyone’s safety and keeping the trains running efficiently?
Самостійна робота №13
Тема: Assembling the train
Завдання: переписати текст “Assembling the train” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
stocking − запас
a switching engine − маневровий локомотив
properly − належним чином
parlor − купейний вагон
Assembling the train
After preparing the cars and cleaning and stocking them with supplies, they are coupled, inspected, and tested to ascertain whether mechanical appliances such as air brakes and signal and steam lines, are functioning properly.
Passenger trains are assembled in a car yard with a number of specified cars as baggage, mail and express coaches, dinning, parlor and sleeping cars. When ready a switching engine moves the trains to the assigned departure track at the station.
The road locomotive has been inspected.
The crew takes over the locomotive at the terminal, moves it to departure track and couples it to the train. Here, again, the train receives tests of air brakes and signal lines.
The train crew has been mobilized. They are called for duty according to schedule; the train is now ready to receive its passengers, baggage and mail.
Answer these questions:
1. When are the cars coupled?
2. Why are the cars inspected?
3. What cars are in the train?
4. When does a switching engine move the train to the assigned departure track?
5. Where does the crew take over the locomotive?
6. Where does the train receive tests again?
7. How is the crew called for duty?
Самостійна робота № 14
Тема: Computers help to control train traffic
Завдання: переписати текст “Computers help to control train traffic” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
gatherer − складач потягів
processing – обробка
reduce − зменшувати
take over − приймати
Computers help to control train traffic
An automatic train operation system is being developed in our country. It will make possible to control and regulate train traffic on all railways. This system is being formed on the basis of computer centres which exist on each of the country's railway lines.
The purposes of the traffic control system based on electronics is to make easier the work of traffic controllers who direct the movement of trains on the most intensive lines. The computer will give the controller the full information on the conditions on the line, model all the processes on the route and advise him what he should do to improve the situation. The computer will advise the drivers with which speed they should drive trains on each sector of the route.
The computer system will help train gatherers in their work. It is only now, in the computer age, that it has become possible to choose the necessary variants of train formation automatically. The new method will double the speed of train processing and make the work of railway-men easier.
In the future it is planned to automate train driving as well. The computer will take over driver's functions, making it possible to considerably reduce the intervals of train movement.
Answer these questions:
1. What will make possible to control and regulate train traffic on all railways?
2. What is the purpose of the traffic control electronic system?
3. Will the computer advise the drivers with which speed they should drive trains on each sector of the route?
4. The computer system will help train gatherers in their work, won’t it?
Самостійна робота № 15
Тема: Railway stop
Завдання: переписати текст “Railway stop” в зошит, письмово його перекласти використовуючи активну лексику тексту. Відповісти на запитання.
differentiate − розрізнити
spot − місце
Stop
During a journey, the term station stop may be used in announcements, to differentiate a halt during which passengers may alight from a halt for another reason, such as a locomotive change.
A railway stop is a spot along a railway line, usually between stations or at a seldom-used station, where passengers can board and exit the train.
While a junction or interlocking usually divides two or more railway lines or routes, and thus has remotely or locally operated signals, a station stop does not. A station stop usually does not have any tracks other than the main tracks, and may or may not have switches (points, crossovers).
Answer these questions:
1. Where may the term station stop be used?
2. What is a railway stop?
3. How many tracks does a station have?
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