Grammar: Modal Verbs + passive infinitive

Lesson 18

Alexander Fleming

Олександр Флемінг

Text: Alexander Fleming

Grammar: Modal Verbs + passive infinitive

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 1. Learn the new words.

1. distinction 2. pioneer 3. septic 4. wound 5. harmful 6. tissue 7. preoccupy 8. dish 9. mould 10. to spoil 11. to dissolve 12. precursor 13. duration 14. supply

[dɪ’stɪŋkʃən] [‚paɪə’nɪər] [ˈsɛptɪk] [wu:nd] [’hɑ:rmfəl] [’tɪʃu:] [prɪ’ɒkjə‚paɪ] [dɪʃ] [məuld] [spɔɪl] [dɪ’zɒlv] [prɪ’kɜ:rsər] [du’reɪʃən] [sə’plaɪ]

відзнака першовідкривач септичний рана, пошкодження шкідливий, небезпечний тканина занепокоїти, займати раніше тарілка, посуд пліснява, цвіль зіпсувати, пошкоджувати розв'язувати, розчиняти попередник тривалість постачання, запас

Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian.

Wound [wu:nd]: bullet wound, open wound, to stop a wound, mortal wound, gaping wound, lips of the wound, to dress a wound.

Duration [du’reɪʃən]: of short duration, for the duration of the war, duration of the disease, limited duration, the duration of training courses, a shorter duration.

Bacteria [bækˈtɪərɪə]: anaerobic bacteria, resistant bacteria, to destroy bacteria, bacteria control, strain of bacterium, anti-bacterial agents, Staphylococcus bacteria, the growth of the bacteria.

Antiseptic [æntɪˈseptɪk]: urinary antiseptic, chemical antiseptics, antiseptic action, antiseptic substance, antiseptic and analgetic effects, antiseptic properties.

Toxic [ˈtɔksɪk]: toxic effect, non-toxic, toxic metal, soil toxicity, toxic activity in laboratory conditions, toxic waste, to be highly toxic, toxic shock syndrome, toxic liver disease, to be toxic or harmful to the living organism

Exercise 3. Read the following words, paying attention to the rules of reading.

[əu]– danger ous, fibr ous, nerv ous, infecti ous, vari ous, gangren ous, simultane ous.

[ə] – Bacteri u m, cement u m, sput u m, fung u s, sept u m, tetan u s, ser u m, col u mn.

[ə] – bacteri a, pneumoni a, insomni a, edem a, anuri a, malari a, choler a.

[aɪ] – (- i. pl.) – cocc i, calcul i, fung i, bacill i, glomerul i, streptococc i.

Exercise 4. Form and translate into Ukrainian.

a) the adjectives using the suffixes -ful: help, pain, use, rest, harm, beauty, care, wonder, skill,

b) the nouns using the suffixes -th: wide, grow, long, warm, deep, true, strong.

Exercise 5. Revise the modal verbs + passive infinitive.

Modal V + be + Past Participle (V3)

Active	Passive
Surgeon must wash his hands with antiseptic soap before the operation. Хірург повинен вимити руки з антисептичним милом перед операцією.	Hands must be washed wish antiseptic soap before the operation. Руки повинні бути вимиті з антисептичним милом перед операцією.

1. This man must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

2. He has to be sent to the chemist's after receiving the administrations from his physician.

3. The problem is to be solved.

4. The child had to be taken home because of vomiting.

5. The examination of this patient couldn't be done tomorrow.

6. The patient shouldn’t be worried, because of his heart attack.

7. A supply of hydrogen must be kept in darkness.

8. A similar explanation can be offered for the melting of a solid.

Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian.

To be qualified with distinction, a pioneer in vaccine therapy, antiseptic use, a ferment found in many animal tissues and secretions, to contain the bacteria, to spoil the experiment, the mould growth, to be useful as an antibacterial agent, the precursor to penicillin, to kill harmful bacteria, to develop penicillin, to be knighted, to share the Nobel Prize.

Exercise 7. Match the terms with their explanations.

1. Penicillin 2. mould 3. bacteria 4. Staphylococcus 5. antiseptic 6. toxic

a) organism not able to be seen except under a microscope, found in rotting matter, in air, in soil and in living bodies, some being the germs of disease; b) capable of causing injury or death, especially by chemical means, poisonous; c) any of a group of antibiotics with powerful bactericidal action, used to treat many types of infections, including pneumonia, gonorrhea, and infections caused by streptococci and staphylococci; d) a spherical gram-positive parasitic bacterium, usually occurring in grapelike clusters and causing boils, septicemia, and other infections; e) a soft grey, green, or blue substance that sometimes forms in spots on old food or on damp walls or clothes; f) capable of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text.

Alexander Fleming

Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist and Nobel Prize winner, best known for his discovery of penicillin.

Alexander Fleming was born in Ayrshire on 6 August 1881, the son of a farmer. He moved to London at the age of 13 and later trained as a doctor. He qualified with distinction in 1906 and began research at St Mary's Hospital Medical School at the University of London under Sir Almroth Wright, a pioneer in vaccine therapy. In World War One Fleming served in the Army Medical Corps. He worked on the bacteriology of septic wounds. In 1922 he discovered lysozyme, a ferment found in many animal tissues and secretions which attacks bacteria. He was already much preoccupied with the problem of discovering anti-bacterial agents that were not toxic or harmful to the living organism.

Fleming discovered penicillin by mistake when he was trying to study Staphylococcus bacteria in 1928. He was running experiments with the bacteria in his laboratory at London's St. Mary's Hospital, and set a laboratory dish containing the bacteria near an open window. Upon returning to the experiment, he found that some mould blown in through the open window onto the dish, contaminating the bacteria.

Instead of throwing away his spoiled experiment, Fleming looked closely at it under his microscope. Surprisingly, he saw not only the mould growing on the bacteria, but a clear zone around the mould. The Penicillium mould, the precursor to penicillin, was dissolving the deadly Staphylococcus bacteria.

Fleming was originally optimistic that penicillin would be useful as an antibacterial agent, as it was safe for the human body, yet potent. Later, in 1931, he changed his mind and decided that it would not last in humans for the duration needed to kill harmful bacteria, and stopped studying it.

It was two other scientists however, Australian Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, a refugee from Nazi Germany, who developed penicillin further so that it could be produced as a drug. At first supplies of penicillin were very limited, but by the 1940s it was being mass-produced by the American drugs industry.

Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. He was elected professor of the medical school in 1928 and emeritus professor of bacteriology at the University of London in 1948. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944. In 1945 Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Fleming died on 11 March 1955.

Exercise 9. Answer the questions.

1. Who was Alexander Fleming?

2. When and where was he born?

3. What did Fleming do during his serve in the Army Medical Corps?

4. How did he develop penicillin?

5. Why did he stop studying it?

6. Who continued development of penicillin?

7. How was Fleming honoured?

8. When did Alexander Fleming died?

Exercise 10. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text.

Відкриття пеніциліну, кваліфікуватися з відзнакою, починати дослідження, першовідкривач вакцинотерапії, фермент знайдений в багатьох тканинах тварин, атакувати бактерії, відкривати антибактеріальні речовини, живі організми, заражати бактерії, проводити експерименти з бактеріями в своїй лабораторії; цвіль, що росте на бактерії, попередник пеніциліну, вбивати шкідливі бактерії.

Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist.

2. Alexander Fleming made a brilliant career at St Mary's Hospital.

3. In 1928 he discovered penicillin.

4. Florey and Chain reinvestigated its properties and preparation.

5. Fleming received many British and foreign honours in recognition of his discoveries.

6. He was twice married.

7. Alexander Fleming died suddenly on March 11th in 1955.

8. Не was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.

Exercise 12. Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

In 1941, a doctor, Charles Fletcher, at a hospital in Oxford (to hear) of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain's work. He (to have) a patient who (to be) near to death as a result of bacteria getting into a wound. Fletcher (to use) some of Chain’s and Florey’s penicillin on the patient and the wound (to make) a spectacular recovery. Unfortunately, Fletcher did not have enough penicillin to fully rid the patient’s body of bacteria and he (to die) a few weeks later as the bacteria took a hold. However, penicillin (to show) what it could do. The only reason the patient did not survive was because they did not have enough of the drug - not that it did not work.

Florey (to get) an American drugs company to mass produce it and by June 6th 1944, enough (to be available) to treat all the bacterial infections that broke out among the troops. Penicillin got nicknamed "the wonder drug".

Exercise 13. Make sentences Passive. Pay attention to the modal verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. I must solve this problem as soon as possible.

2. Parents had to take their child from the kindergarten because of high temperature.

3. She ought to read this article very attentively.

4. The physician can apply this method of treatment on patients.

5. The student may add some comments after finishing his test.

6. Ward doctor has to control the work of nurses.

7. Scientist may note some words about the course of the reaction.

8. Surgeon must wash his hands with antiseptic soap before the operation.

Exercise 14. Translate the Modal verbs or their equivalents given in brackets into English and then translate the sentences:

1. The origin of any disease (повинні бути відомі) by a doctor for successful treatment.

2. All the properties of a drug (слід знати) by a patient before buying.

3. The redness on the lateral surface of the arm (повинно зникнути) after the treatment.

4. Many experiments on the plants (довелося провести) by Ivanovsky to determine the origin of the tobacco mosaic disease.

5. At the next conference this discovery (слід буде доповідати) by one of the researchers of this laboratory

6. These patients (зможуть бути прооперовані) only if all their analyses are good.

7. Instruments (повинні бути оброблені) with antiseptic substance before each operations.

8. All drugs with expired date (повинні бути вилучені) from sale.

Підготовка до диференційованого заліку

I. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення:

1. першовідкривач вакцинотерапії

2. відкривати антибактеріальні речовини

3. цвіль, що росте на бактерії

4. попередник пеніциліну

5. вбивати шкідливі бактерії

II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання:

1. What is Alexander Fleming famous for?

2. How did he develop penicillin?

3. Who continued the development of penicillin?

III. Поясніть наступні терміни у 5ти реченнях:

penicillin

TEST

1. Alexander Fleming was a … bacteriologist best known for his discovery of penicillin.

a. English

b. Welsh

c. Irish

d. Scottish

2. Alexander Fleming was born in Ayrshire on 6 August 1881, the son of ….

a. a baker

b. a farmer

c. a doctor

d. a lawyer

3. During... Fleming worked on the bacteriology of septic wounds.

a. the Caucasian War

b. the Franco-Prussian War

c. the First World War

d. the Second World War

4. Fleming discovered penicillin when he was trying to study ....

a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

b. Streptococcus bacteria

c. Helicobacter pylori

d. Staphylococcus bacteria

5. Alexander Fleming opened penicillin by mistake during running experiments with the bacteria in ….

a. 1922

b. 1928

c. 1944

d. 1955

6. … developed penicillin further so that it could be produced as a drug.

a. Alexander Fleming and Almroth Wright

b. Cecil George Paine

c. Arthur Duncan Gardner and Norman Heatley

d. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

7. At first supplies of penicillin were very limited, but by the 1940s it was being mass-produced by the... drugs industry.

a. American

b. British

c. Australian

d. German

8. Alexander Fleming... in 1944.

a. was elected professor of the medical school

b. was knighted

c. was honoured

d. was elected fellow of the Royal Society

9. He shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine... with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.

a. in 1944

b. in 1945

c. in 1953

d. in 1955

10. Sir Alexander Fleming died suddenly … at his home in Chelsea, London, after a heart attack.

a. on August 6th 1881

b. on March 11th in 1955

c. on February 21st 1968

d. on August 12th 1979

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