Kazakh-American-University

Kazakh-American-University

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History of Kazakhstan I year students

Lecture 7 All departments

Disintegration of Mongolian state and 2007-2008 academic year

foundation of new states Winter trimester

The objective of the lecture: Peculiarities of new sates, which were founded after disintegration of Mongolian empire.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Ak-Horde
2. Khanate of Abulkhair
3. Nogai Horde

Ak-Horde

New state Ak-Horde was founded on the territory of Eastern Dasht-I-Kypchak in the XIII – in the beginning of XV cc. (1300-1425).

Orda-Edjen one of the sons of Djuci received the eastern part of Djuchi’s ulus. At first, Ak-Horde occupied the territory of north-eastern Semirecheye, banks of Irtysh, steppe of Ulutau and Karatau.

Between Jaik, Irgiz, Tobol and Sarysu and lowest part of Syrdarya was established Ulus of another son of Djuchi – Shaiban.

In the middle of XIIIc. The capital of Ak-Horde was situated near the lake Alakol. In the XIV c. the power of the sons of Orda-Edjen spread on Ulus of Shaiban and all territory of Kazakhstan, expect Semirecheye, submitted to Orda-Edjen’s son, only Semirecheye was under the power of Chagataids. Political center of Ak-Horde displaced to the south of Kazakhstan and Sygnak became the capital of Ak-Horde. Ak-Horde was inhabited by turkicspeaking tribes. Some of them were local tribes, some of them came after Chingiskhan’s invasion from eastern regions. So, kypchaks, naimans, uisuns, argyns, karluks, kereits, kanglys, mangyts and others lived on the territory of Ak-Horde.

Social-political arrangement of Ak-Horde.The political history of Ak-Horde we can divide into three parts:

1. Ak-Horde fought for liberation of Eastern Dasht-I-Kypchak from Golden Horde.
2. Khans of Ak-Horde interfered in internal affairs of Golden-Horde.
3. Struggle against aggression of Maveranakhr’s governor – Timur and Timurides.

Ak-Horde received full independence from Golden Horde when khans Erzen and Mubarak ruled. Development of Ak-Horde begun in the ruling of Urus khan in 60-70-s of XIV c. In the first quarter of XV c. Ak-Horde was divided into two parts: on the west Nogai Horde was founded, Nomadic Uzbek Khanate on the East.

Khanate of Abulkhair

Khanate of Shaibanid Abulkhair was founded on the territory of Kazakhstan in 20-s of XVc. Disintegration of Ak-Horde and feuds of Djuchides was a result of separation of Abulkhairs Khanate. Strives of Djuchides finished by death of Barak, khan of Ak-Horde. In 1428 Abulkhair – son of Davlat-sheikh – oglan, was declared a khan. Abulkhair created independent state and ruled 40 years (1428-1468).

Territory of Abulkhair Khanate stretch from Jaik on the West to Balkhash on the East, from the lower part of Syrdarya and Aral sea on the South to the Tobol and Irtysh on the North. The ethnical structure of Khanate was very complicated:

Kypchaks,Naimans, Mangyts, Karluks, Kangles, Uisuns, Uigurs and others.

Subsequently, on the territory of Abulkhair khanate was formed Middle zhuz of Kazak people. In the end of XIV – and in the first half of XVc. they were known as a “Uzbeks” and khanate of Abulkhair as a state of nomadic Uzbeks or Uzbek Khanate.

40-years ruling of Abulkhair was a period of civil strives (feuds) and uninterrupted wars. In 1430 he conquered Khorezm and plundered Urgench. In the 1446 he took away from Timurids such towns as Sygnak, Suzak, Ak-Kurgan, Uzgend, Arkuk and presented this towns to leaders of tribes, which supported him.

Sygnak became the capital of khanate (Tara and Ordu-Bazar were the capital of Ak-Horde before). In 50-s of XY he plundered Samarkand and Bukhara, he interfered in internal feuds of Timurides. But in the 1457 he was defeated by oirats near the Sygnak. Oirats invaded to the South-eastern and South Kazakhstan.

The Chingizids dissensions weakened Abulkhairs Khanate and sultans left him. In 50-60-s of XVc. Sultans Zhanibek and Girey quarreled with him and struggled against the Shaibanids for restoration of power of Ak-horde khans dynasty. Zhanibek was a son of the last ruler of Ak-Horde Barak-khan. Zhanibek and Girey, having united tribal groups of nomad and semi nomad population of Dash-I-Kypchak, which were depending on them, moved to the territory of Western Zhetysu in Mogulistan in the form of protest in 1459-1460. Esen-Buga, the ruler of Mogulistan united with the kazak leaders, hoping to protect of Mogulistan’s borders from Abulkhair, Timurids, Kalmyks.

In 1468 Abulkhair began campaign to Mogulistan, but he died on the way to Mogulistan. His successor Shaikh Khaidar was killed in feuds between numerous Djuchides. Khanate of Abulkhair was disintegrated.

Nogai Horde

Nogai Horde was founded on the territory of Kazakhstan after disintegration of the Mongol empire: between Ural and Volga (Jaik and Edil) and occupied part of Western Kazakhstan.

Ak-Horde, Mogulistan and Nogai Horde had many common in state system: ulus organization of the nomad population, structure of the ruling (khan) power and army, taxation system. In general, these forms and structure were taken from Mongolian empire and were remained in the Kazakh Khanate.

Nogai Horde separated from Golden Horde at the end of XIIIc. And process of separation was ended in the ruling of Edyge (1396-1411) and his son Nur-ad-din (1426-1440). So, Edyge was the first khan of Nogai Horde. He hold all power in Golden Horde during 15 years. He had 20 sons and through them he ruled by Golden Horde.

What tribes inhabited Nogai Horde?

Mangyts – played the main role in political life, but konrat,argyns, alchin, alash,tama and so on inhabited Nogai Horde.

1. Glossary

Successor	приемник
Claim	требование
Feuds	междоусобицы
Stretch	простираться
Complicated	сложный, запутанный
Rob, plunder	грабить
Take away	отобрать
Dissension	разногласие

1. Tasks for IWS: Prepare a report: “Consequences of Mongolian invasions.”
2. Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short essay: “Political arrangement of Mongolian state”.
3. Home tasks: Find information about division of Kazakhstan territory by Mongols and prepare a map.
4. List of the reference on the theme

1. Асфендияров С.Д. История Казахстана (с древних времен): Уч. Пособие / Под ред. А.С.Такенова. – Алма-Ата, 1993. – 2-е изд.

2. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. – Алматы: Дэуир, 1993.

3. История Казахстана: Пособие для студентов. – Алматы: Казинтерграф, 1998.

4. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб. Пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000.

5. Оразбаева А.И. Курс лекций по истории Казахстана для студентов неисторических факультетов. Часть 1. Древняя и средневековая история Казахстана. – Алматы: Казак университетi, 2001.

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