Kazakh-American-University

Kazakh-American-University

Hand-outs

History of Kazakhstan I year students

Lecture 4 -5 All departments

Instructor: 2007-2008 academic year

Taichikova K.T. Winter trimester

Feudal states in Kazakhstan in VI-XII cc.

The objective of the lecture: To show the political history of feudal states. Development of economics. Relationships of these states between each other and neighbor states. Reasons of the collapse of these states.

Outline of the lecture

1. Turkic states on the southern Kazakhstan.
2. Turkic states on the Central Kazakhstan.
3. Turkic states on the eastern Kazakhstan.
4. Turkic states on the western Kazakhstan.

State and existing duration	Capital and borders	Political structure and social relations	Economy, culture, population	Political history
Turk and Western-Turk Kaganate (552-703)	Middle Asia, lands from Caspean sea till North India	The main person was kagan – a supreme head. Then there are yabgu, shad and elteber. Administrative functions were provided by buyuruks and tarhans. They considered their origination from wolf.	Economy was generally based on nomadism and cattle-breeding. Population was busy with trade, cattle-breeding and crafts. Towns and culture of farming were formed by Sogdiana people, the Turks, people from Syria, Persia. Religion represented by tengreism, Buddhism, Christianity.	Firstly ethnonim “Turk” was mentioned in Chineese scriptures in 542. In 546 there was a war between Turrks and Awars As the result, on the disturbirngs of this state it was appeared Turks Kaganate. In 551 Bumyn accepted the title of Kagan.
Turgesh state (703-756)	United the tribes of Semirechey, Altai, Cenytral Asia. The capital – Suyab. Suluk-Kagan replaced capital to Taraz.		Cattle-breeding, trading.	The most powerful the Kaganate was during the reign of Suluk-kagan. He established diplomatic relations with China, took parts in the war against Arabs in Central Asia. In 751 battle between Arabs and Chinese at Atlakh. Chinese were defeated.
Karluk state (756-940)	The Karluks came to Semirechey from Altai. The settled from the Djungarian Alatau to the central part of the Syrdarya, in the valley of the rivers Ili, Chu, Talas..Capital was replaced from Taraz to Kashgar.	The presence of highly-developed forms of tribal system. The power of Karluk jubgu was nominal. The upper position was occupied by Kagan.	Strong inequality of poor and rich. A common population consisted of cattle-breeders.	They had to oppose China – the Tan empire, which captured Semirechye. The Karluks waged wars against Uigurs, the Oguzes. It possessed rich towns in Semirechey (25 towns), trade routs, controlled the routs to China. This state fell after attack of the Turks from Eastern Turkestan, who formed the state of Karahanids in Kashgaria.
Karakhanid state (942-1210)	Semirechye, Southern Kazakhstan and Middle Asia. The state was divided into two main parts: eastern with the center in Kashgar and Balasagun (near the town Tokmak in Kirgizia).	The power belonged to two tribes unions: the Chigili and Yagma. The Kagan took the title of “Kagan of all Kagans”, it meant that that he had power over all the Turks.	Karakhanid state had another system of administration. The leader of the state – Tamgach-Khan ruled over the country through the nobles who were the chi4es of the regions. The nobles were given the right to take taxes from their land. The land had been given to them for state and military service. This lan was called “Ikta”. In 955 Islam was proclaimed as an official religion.	The famous Khan – Satuk Bogra-khan. In XII c. Karakitais conquered Semirechey. In 1210 Naimans invaded to Eastern part of the state. In 1212 the last Kagan of the Western part Osman was killed and the Fergan branch of Karakhanids disappeared.
Karakitay state (1128-1213)	Territory of Manchjur and Ussuri. Balasagun is a capital.	Mongolian-speaking tribes. The main person – gurkhan. Strict military system	Cattle-breeding, caravan trading, crafts.	In 1128 Eluy Dashi occupaied Balasagun, and defeat Karakhanids. Conquered Bukhara and Maveranakhr. In 1208 Naimans under the leading of Kuchluk escaped to Karakitais.
Oguzes (IX-X cc.)	From Caspean sea to the Balkhash. The capital is Yangikent.	Djubgu is a head of state. Oguzes have consisted of 24 tribes. The Oguze state was divided on uruks and aimaks. The council of large military-tribal aristocracy limited the authority of the Supreme governor. There was a personnel management and system of regular taxations.		In 965 they concluded the military treaty with the Russian duke Svyatoslav against Kazars. In 985 the Oguzes waged wars against the Bulgars in the union with the Russian duke Vladimir.In XI c. promotion of oguzes to Iran and Forward Asia began State fell under the attack of the Kypchaks.
The Kimak and Kipchak state. (VIII-X cc.)	The Kimaks lived in Altai and near Irtysh river. From the second half of the VIII c. the Kimaks and Kipchaks began to settle in Semirechey. Some groups reached the Caspean sea.	Kagans had the supreme power, they appointed tsars or khans to the regions. Power was hereditary. Plots of land were given to the tsar or khans for service by the Kagan. The chief of the regions had rights to collect taxes. Inequality appeared and the tribes were divided into aristocracy and poor nomads or poor peasants (djataks).	Occupation of these tribes was nomadic cattle-breeding. Remains of the irrigation system and palaces in towns are the evidence of semi-settled way of life. 16 towns were in state. They hunted djeirans, kulans sables, foxes. Farmers cultivated millet, pea, bean, rice, grapes.	In the XI c. after the fight against Oguzes the Kipchaks opened the way to the riches of the Middle Asia. The struggle with the stateof the Khorezmshakhs for towns near Syr-Darya led to the establishment of diplomatic and family relations between Kipchaks and Khorezmshakhs. The Kipchaks were used in many armies of many states. In the XII c. the internecine disputes between Kipchaks tribes split their state. Later they were captured by Mongols.
The Naimans and Kereits. (X-XIII cc.)	They settled in Eastern Kazakhstan where they come from Eastern Turkestan.	All the territory was divided into uluses, the rules of uluses had their personal pastures for summer and winter grazing. Khan’s residence was called “horde”. In 1007 Naimans and Kereits adopted Christianity of Nestorian teaching. The rulers of this state persecuted the supporters of the Islam and had a conflict with the Islamic Khorezmshahs.	The Naimans and Kereits had lower development in social life and economy. The main occupation was nomadic cattle-breeding and hunting, trade and craft.	In 1211 their khan Kuchluk captured Semirechye and put the Karakitai’s gurkhan into prison.

1. Glossary

Graze	Пастбище
Cultivate	выращивать
Forward Asia	Передняя Азия
Authority	власть

1. Tasks for IWS: Prepare report: “Towns of Kazakhstan in VI-XII cc.”
2. Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short essay: “Economics of Kazakhstan in VI-XII cc”.
3. Home tasks: Find information about religions of Kazakhstan in VI-XII cc..
4. List of the reference on the theme

1. Асфендияров С.Д. История Казахстана (с древних времен): Уч. Пособие / Под ред. А.С.Такенова. – Алма-Ата, 1993. – 2-е изд.

2. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. – Алматы: Дэуир, 1993.

3. История Казахстана: Пособие для студентов. – Алматы: Казинтерграф, 1998.

4. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб. Пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000.

5. Оразбаева А.И. Курс лекций по истории Казахстана для студентов неисторических факультетов. Часть 1. Древняя и средневековая история Казахстана. – Алматы: Казак университетi, 2001.

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