KIMEP University
Bachelor of Social Sciences
Research Proposal
The consequences of early smoking among adolescents
Lecturer: Aliya Kabdiyeva, MPhil, MSc
Student:Feruzbek Rozmetov,
BSS-2, 20126007
Spring 2015
Significance of the Study
Nowadays this topic is very significant to study, because in present time more and more teenagers begin to smoke and it leads to bad consequences. In this research I want to search and show why teens begin to smoke and harmful outcomes of smoking.There some background information about why teens smoke. Teens smoke for many reasons and often for the same reasons as adults do: to cope with stress, to control their weight, as a social habit and to combat boredom.
One of the biggest reasons teens start to smoke is peer influence: their friends do it. Scientific studies of WHO show that this is especially true for girls. Studies show one of the most important tools you have with teens is your relationship. Use your parental influence. Know who your kids hang out with. Have high expectations for them. Listen to them and treat them with respect. Your kids will hold themselves to higher standards too. This is especially important if you smoke yourself.(World Health Organization)
There's clear evidence that tobacco companies target children in their marketing. Some of the most effective are sports sponsorships - for example, boys are twice as likely to smoke if they follow car racing. Movies too: the more kids sees their favorite movie stars smoking on the screen, the more likely they'll try it themselves. Some researchers think that tobacco advertising carries even more weight than peer influence.
Finally, the main reason that kids smoke is that adults do. Smoking is seen as adult behavior and kids are always looking for ways to be more grown up.
This topic is important to study because more and more adolescents begin smoking in
early ages and worsen their health. And also it is significant to study because government doesn’t control sale of tobacco and consumption by adolescents. The topic is important for all groups of people, especially for teenagers. If my study is done I think several benefits will occur to me and to teenagers, they will know more about harm of smoking and inferior consequences
of smoking. This proposed research is worth doing because nowadays a lot of teenagers smoke cigarettes and this amount is rising from year to year and nation’s health is going worse. And because adolescents may also be more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of nicotine in
combination with other chemicals found in cigarettes, thus increasing susceptibility to tobacco addiction. Because all of these reasons I think that this topic is important and worth to study.
Purpose of the study
I want to search and find out what are the consequences of early smoking among teenagers.
Objectives:
Specific: I intend to change the adolescents view on smoking and show them the bad consequences of tobacco consumption through my project.
Measurable: As proof of project success I accept the harm of smoking for health by showing real evidences and some statistics that will change teenagers views and will decrease the tobacco consumption among them.
Logical: I think a lot of evidences and statistics about smoking consequences will help me to achieve overall goal to, to change adolescents view on smoking and to decrease their amount.
Research question: What are the consequences of smoking among adolescents?
The independent variable is smoking among adolescents and the dependent variable is its’ consequences.
Literature Review
Title of research proposal
The consequences of early smoking among teenagers
Research question
What are the consequences of smoking among adolescents?
What are variables, their relationships?
The independent variable is smoking among adolescents and the dependent variable is its’ consequences.
The variables have only negative relationships because smoking leads to many diseases for physical and moral health. For example smoking increases teen depression. Teens who smoke appear to be more likely to develop depressive symptoms than their nonsmoking peers, according to new research published in the October issue of Pediatrics. The study, "Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens," by Elizabeth Goodman, and John Capitman, analyzed baseline and one-year follow-up data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and depression among teens. Researchers have typically viewed depression as increasing the likelihood of smoking behavior. But Goodman and Capitman's research has found the reverse: "Non depressed teens who smoked in the prior month faced approximately a four times greater risk of developing depression than nonsmoking teens."
The researchers analyzed two samples of adolescents. The first sample of 8,704 non depressed teens was studied to determine the effects of cigarette smoking on developing high depressive symptoms.
After one year, a majority of the sample's smoking behaviors did not change. However, more than one-third of those whose smoking behaviors did progress became moderate to heavy smokers, smoking at least a pack per week. About 6 percent of the baseline nondepressed teens developed high depressive symptoms at the follow-up.
The second sample of 6,947 depressed and non depressed teens had not smoked cigarettes for 30 days prior to baseline; Goodman and Capitman looked for relationships between baseline depression and becoming a moderate to heavy smoker at follow-up.
In bivariate analyses, teens who smoked at baseline were more likely to develop depression, and depressed teens were more than twice as likely to become moderate to heavy smokers. Among teens who were not depressed at baseline, smokers were more than twice as likely to become depressed. Smoking behavior at one year was also highly associated with reporting depression. However, in logistic regression modeling, the vicariate relationship between depression and subsequent smoking was not significant.
Teens who smoked cigarettes in the 30 days before baseline were significantly more likely to develop depression in all models, even when controlling for socio-demographic factors. Goodman and Capitman explain that this finding "may indicate that depression led to the initial experimentation but that smoking is moderating the expression of the depressive symptoms."
Cigarette smoking was the single strongest predictor of developing high depressive symptoms, leading Goodman to say that "These data highlight the importance of providing anticipatory guidance regarding tobacco use to teen-agers and of encouraging smoking cessation among adolescents who smoke."
Among those who had never smoked at baseline, baseline depression was not associated with cigarette experimentation or smoking at follow-up. Neither was baseline depression associated with smoking at follow-up among those who had experimented at baseline.
"Because high depressive symptoms did not predict smoking behavior in these analyses, it is unlikely that the effect of current smoking on development of subsequent high depressive symptoms is simply a proxy for a past episode of depression," the authors reason.
And although depression would not be viewed as an antecedent of smoking in the study's framework, Goodman and Capitman say previous research might be explained in a different way that corresponds with their study. For example, nicotine may affect the central nervous system, causing the increased risk of depression.
What previous researchers have discovered? What is a discussion of the previous research?
The World Health Organization researchers have discovered some main factors:
· Among young people, the short-term health consequences of smoking include respiratory and non respiratory effects, addiction to nicotine, and the associated risk of other drug use. Long-term health consequences of youth smoking are reinforced by the fact that most young people who smoke regularly continue to smoke throughout adulthood. Cigarette smokers have a lower level of lung function than those persons who have never smoked. Smoking reduces the rate of lung growth.
· In adults, cigarette smoking causes heart disease and stroke. Studies have shown that early signs of these diseases can be found in adolescents who smoke.
· Smoking hurts young people's physical fitness in terms of both performance and endurance—even among young people trained in competitive running. On average, someone who smokes a pack or more of cigarettes each day lives 7 years less than someone who never smoked.
· The resting heart rates of young adult smokers are two to three beats per minute faster than nonsmokers.
· Smoking at an early age increases the risk of lung cancer. For most smoking-related cancers, the risk rises as the individual continues to smoke.
· Teenage smokers suffer from shortness of breath almost three times as often as teens who don't smoke, and produce phlegm more than twice as often as teens who don't smoke.
· Teenage smokers are more likely to have seen a doctor or other health professionals for an emotional or psychological complaint.
· Teens who smoke are three times more likely than nonsmokers to use alcohol, eight times more likely to use marijuana, and 22 times more likely to use cocaine. Smoking is associated with a host of other risky behaviors, such as fighting and engaging in unprotected sex.
Summarize the results of previous studies that have reported relationships among the variables included in the proposed research. Provide a theoretical explanation of the relationships among these variables
To sum up all the results of previous studies, it is clear that variables have only negative sides.
As a result smoking Reduces Physical Health and Athletic Performance Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide. When inhaled, it binds to red blood cells, which displaces oxygen and prevents its delivery to muscle cells. Smoking also constricts blood vessels, limiting blood flow to the muscles. Less blood and oxygen flow means that it’s harder to build muscle and muscles tire more easily. The nicotine in tobacco narrows blood vessels and puts added strain on the heart, too, which can weaken it, over time. All of these factors affect physical health and athletic performance.
Also the decrease in oxygen caused by smoking causes smokers to have higher resting heart rates than nonsmokers, which means their hearts are always working harder to pump blood and oxygen to the body—even for everyday activities, like walking up stairs. Smokers also have lower maximum heart rates than nonsmokers, because their hearts are not able to efficiently pump the extra nutrients and oxygen rich blood to their muscles during times of stress, including exercise
Additionally the most researchers noted that the path physiological factors involved in the association among smoking, body weight, and body fat distribution are little explored, and they remain to be elucidated. The main possible mechanisms involved, according to the information presented in this review. On the one hand, weight gain may be limited by smoking because of increased and reduced food intake. In addition, because smoking is a strong risk factor for emaciating diseases such as cancer, lower weight among smokers may result from weight loss due to a concomitant preclinical disease. On the other hand, especially in persons of lower socioeconomic status, tobacco consumption is clustered with other risk behaviors known to favor weight gain (eg, poor diet and low physical activity). These factors could counterbalance and even overtake the slimming effect of smoking. Weight cycling also may be involved in the association between smoking and obesity, which could explain why heavy smokers are more likely to be overweight or obese than are light smokers. The complexity of the associations between smoking and other behaviors conducive to weight gain strongly limits the possibility of disentangling the effect of smoking on body weight and associated conditions.
A further consequence of smoking is a hormonal imbalance that is conducive, first, to an accumulation of central fat and, then, to insulin resistance. The latter condition may represent a major link between cigarette smoking and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Further research is needed in that area. A testable model that integrates factors associated with smoking, body weight, and body fat and that can be used as a framework for future research is shown in. Specifically, in view of the potential for uncontrolled confounding, serial measurements of anthropometric data (i.e. weight, height, and waist circumference), fat distribution,, glucose metabolism, weight concern (and dieting behaviors), and health behaviors (ie, diet and physical activity) at regular intervals and the assessment of updated information on smoking habits may help elucidate the complex relation among these factors. It would be highly relevant to address the ways in which all these factors affect cardiovascular disease risk. Comparison of smoking initiators with nonsmokers may mitigate some of the major confounding issues seen with subjects who smoked throughout the study. Analyses of existing large cohort studies such as the Nurses' Health Study, the Physicians' Health Study, and the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition could offer some answers.
Overall, these findings indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the risk of (central) obesity, insulin resistance, and associated conditions among smokers. In particular, whereas concerns about post cessation weight gain may deter numerous persons from quitting smoking, such persons should be made aware that smoking is not an efficient way to control body weight, does not help prevent obesity, and could favor visceral fat accumulation and increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Medical management and prevention programs for obesity and smoking should take into account the complex relation among these conditions.
In a broader perspective, considering that obesity is epidemic and that smoking prevalence is high and increasing in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, it is clear that the co-occurrence of the 2 conditions will increase, with devastating effects on the health of the world's populations. The prevalence’s of metabolic syndrome and of diabetes have paralleled the obesity epidemic and are expected to increase further. The effect of smoking on insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes may increase these deleterious trends.
What research methods the authors used in their research? (Design, selection of subjects, methods of data collection)
The researchers used several methods in their research. For example they used design methods, data and statistics collection, scientific methods of observations etc. They used various interviews, questionnaires for smokers, scientific researches of world organizations such as WHO,UN and etc.
Hypothesis
The smoking leads to physical and mental diseases.
Research Methodology
Subjects for Study
OBJECTIVE:
Smoking is a worldwide health problem. This study was designed to evaluate the current status and to examine some potential factors affecting smoking among adolescents.
DESIGN:
Descriptive, cross-sectional study.
SETTING:
Community based study.
SUBJECTS:
Of all middle and high school students in Edirne, Turkey, 883 (6.83%) were randomly sampled. Mean age of the subjects was 15.0 +/- 1.8 years.
METHOD:
A self-applied questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, smoking status, school success, nutritional behaviour and self-esteem. The influence of different factors on smoking was evaluated with a logistic regression model.
RESULTS:
There were 89 active smokers (11.1%) with the critical age of 15 years for smoking commitment. 609 students (71.9%) were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Nutritional behaviour rich in vegetables (OR = 0.813), high school success (OR = 0.807), longer time reserved for homework (OR = 0.718) and eating breakfast (OR= 0.353) were significantly associated with a lower smoking rate. Having a mother, who smoked (OR = 2.155), increasing age (OR = 1.704), increasing number of siblings (OR = 1.351) and eating fast food (OR = 1.150) were associated with significantly higher smoking rates.
CONCLUSION:
An educational programme aimed at changing behaviour and attitude to tobacco smoking and including nutritional counselling with high emphasis on the transition age from early to late adolescence may be a successful primary prevention. In addition projects designed to improve school performance may lead to a reduction in smoking rates while providing an investment in the future of the teenagers.
Measurement
There are two main variables in my research. The first is independent variable is smoking among adolescents and the second is dependent variable is smoking consequences.
- Nominal definition of independent variable is an issue that affects countries worldwide. While not every culture views youth smoking as an issue that needs to be addressed, the U.S. has taken drastic measure in an attempt to reduce and eventually eliminate use of tobacco products among teens..
- Operational definition of independent variable is 90% of smokers are estimated to have begun smoking before the age of 20, therefore it is necessary to reduce the number of youths who start smoking before this age in order to reduce the total number of smokers. Each day, nearly 3,000 kids under the age of 18 try their first cigarette and another 700 become regular, daily smokers. About one-third of these smokers will die prematurely from a smoking-related disease. Smoking behaviour operational definitions Smoker A person who occasionally or currently smokes at least one cigarette per day or has smoked at least 100 cigarettes during his/her life and currently smokes
- Operationalization of independent variable:
Smoking- What kind of smoking?(cigarettes, drugs or hookah), What is the average percent of young smokers?
Among adolescents- male or female?
- Nominal definition of dependent variable is consequences of smoking
- Operational definition of dependent variable.
Health effects of smoking among young people
· Among young people, the short-term health consequences of smoking include respiratory and non respiratory effects, addiction to nicotine, and the associated risk of other drug use. Long-term health consequences of youth smoking are reinforced by the fact that most young people who smoke regularly continue to smoke throughout adulthood.(1) Cigarette smokers have a lower level of lung function than those persons who have never smoked.(1) Smoking reduces the rate of lung growth.(1)
· In adults, cigarette smoking causes heart disease and stroke. Studies have shown that early signs of these diseases can be found in adolescents who smoke.(1)
· Smoking hurts young people's physical fitness in terms of both performance and endurance—even among young people trained in competitive running.(1) On average, someone who smokes a pack or more of cigarettes each day lives 7 years less than someone who never smoked.(2)
· The resting heart rates of young adult smokers are two to three beats per minute faster than nonsmokers.(1)
· Smoking at an early age increases the risk of lung cancer. For most smoking-related cancers, the risk rises as the individual continues to smoke.(1)
· Teenage smokers suffer from shortness of breath almost three times as often as teens who don't smoke, and produce phlegm more than twice as often as teens who don't smoke.(3)
· Teenage smokers are more likely to have seen a doctor or other health professionals for an emotional or psychological complaint.(3)
· Teens who smoke are three times more likely than nonsmokers to use alcohol, eight times more likely to use marijuana, and 22 times more likely to use cocaine. Smoking is associated with a host of other risky behaviors, such as fighting and engaging in unprotected sex.(1)
Operationalization of dependent variable: How often teens get to the hospital because of smoking? What does increase smoking in early ages? What causes smoking on teens health?
Data-Collection Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative Data collection methods
Typical quantitative data gathering strategies include:
For example-The present study used data from a sample of 94 adolescent smokers aged 14-18 years participating in a longitudinal study of smoking self-change. A total of 109 adolescents were recruited from three high schools in metropolitan San Diego. Criteria for subject inclusion were being 14-18 years of age and having smoked cigarettes in the prior 30 days. Informed consent (assent for minors under age 18) was obtained from parents and adolescent participants. Each participant received a US$25 gift certificate for participating in the baseline interview from which the present data were obtained.
Qualitative data collection methods
For example
To target African American and Latina women, participants were recruited from two publicly funded family planning clinics in Los Angeles County between March 1995 and April 1996. All English- and Spanishspeaking female clients ages 12 to 21 who sought care during this time period were eligible to participate in the study. Identical data collection protocols were implemented at each clinic site. Each eligible woman was randomly preassigned to either the FTF or SAQ interview, then approached in the clinic waiting room by an interviewer and invited to participate in the study. This methodology, although it may have introduced a selection bias, allowed for cross-checking the implementation of the randomization protocol. If the subject agreed to participate, the interviewer obtained a signed informed consent. Subjects who refused to participate were asked to furnish some demographic information and the general reason for their refusal. Each interviewer completed a lost-to-participation form to document the reasons why SAQs or FTF interviews were not completed by all eligible subjects. Subjects assigned to the FTF were interviewed either before or after their medical visit, whereas subjects assigned to the SAQ group were given the survey to be filled out in the waiting room. In the case of incomplete SAQs, subjects were given the opportunity to complete the survey at home and to return it in a preaddressed stamped envelope.
Conclusion
Major Conclusions
Questinare
1. | Do you smoke cigarettes now? |
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2. | On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke a day? |
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3. | On how many days a week do you smoke cigarettes? |
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4. | On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke a day? |
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5. | Did you ever smoke cigarettes regularly in the past? |
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6. | When did you stop smoking cigarettes regularly? Year, 19-- | |__|__| |
7. | What is the highest average daily number |
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8. | How old were you when you began to smoke |
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9. | Have you ever smoked cigars/cigarillos? |
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10. | How many do you smoke per week? Number: | |__|__|__| |
11. | Have you ever smoked a pipe? |
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12. | About how many grams of tobacco do you smoke |
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13. | To be completed by occasional and non-smokers only |
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Sample checklist of questions for interview
Avoid "loaded" or "leading" questions
Not so good | Better |
Don't you think teenagers caught with cigarettes should be fined in order to prevent them from smoking?
| Teenagers caught with cigarettes should be fined.
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Avoid jargon and acronyms
Not so good | Better |
Do you think the TFCWC has done an excellent, fair or poor job in informing community members about the Quitline? | For community members: In the past year, did you receive information about the Wisconsin Tobacco Quitline, a toll-free telephone counseling service to help people quit smoking? (Please check only one response.)
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Avoid double negatives
Not so good | Better |
Do you agree or disagree that teens should not be fined for not obeying the local outdoor smoking ordinance? | Teens should be fined for violating the local outdoor smoking ordinance.
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