MODULE 1.
HISTORY AND THE PRESENT OF ROSTOV REGION
Aims:
• to read for general information:
• to learn (he new information about local history, geography and culture:
• to use new vocabulary in reports, dialogues, presentations;
• to practise speaking skills.
Contents of the Module
1.1. Rostov Region: Short Description
1.2. Population of the Rostov Region
1.3. Economy of the Rostov Region
1.4. Don Cossacks
1.4.1. The history of the Don Cossacks
1.4.2. Habits and Traditions of the Don Cossacks
1.4.3. The Sons of the Quiet Don
1.4.4. The Modern Don Cossacks 1.5. Test
1.1. ROSTOV REGION: SHORT DESCRIPTION
1. Discuss the questions:
What do you know about the Rostov Region? What is it famous for? Can you name some dates. Jigures, events, eminent personalities?
2. Pronounce the following geographic names:
Rostov Region. Russia. Holland. Denmark. Belgium, Volgograd. Voronezh. Krasnodar, Stavropol, the Republic of Kalmykia, die East European plain, the Taganrog bay. the Azov Sea. the Don, the Seversky Donets, Europe, the Black Sea. the Russian Federation. Caucasia, Starocherkassk. Novocherkassk.
3. Guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use the dictionary if you need:
a federal subject, an administrative body, the Central Committee rhf> eivn,
. r *. ' л*л1п most
populous, a transport infrastructure, an International airport, constn t'
materials, container cargo, the most industrialized city. c 10,1
4. Read and translate the text.
ROSTOV REGION: SHORT DESCRIPTION
The Rostov Region is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. Rostov region as an administrative body was founded in compliance with the Provision of the Central Committee of the USSR on September 13, 1937.
The Rostov Region has an area of 100,800 square kilometres (38,900 sq mi) and a population of 4,277,976 (2010 Census), making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. The area of the Rostov Region is equal to the territories of Holland, Denmark and Belgium taken together.
The Rostov Region borders Ukraine and also Volgograd and Voronezh Oblasts in the north, Krasnodar and Stavropol Krais in the south, anti the Republic of Kalmykia in the east.
The Rostov region is situated on the South of the East European plain. It is washed by the Taganrog bay of the Azov Sea. The main rivers on its territory are the Don and the Seversky Donets. The Don River, one of Europe's largest, Hows through the oblast for part of its course. Lakes cover only 0.4% of the oblast's area.
The Rostov Region is known as the Russian 'Gateway' to the Black Sea and it has a well developed transport infrastructure which includes waterways, railways, roads and Rostov International airport. The region's ports specialise in handling mineral and construction materials and container cargoes.
Rostov-on-Don is the largest city in the south western part of the Russian Federation with a population of over one million people. The city is the administrative centre of the Rostov Region which is made up of 23 cities. The city of Rostov-on-Don also became the administrative centre of the Southern Federal District in 2002.
Rostov is the most industrialized city in the region, but it is also the most important cultural centre of the northern Caucasia boasting a large number of universities, colleges, architectural monuments and museums.
The Rostov region has a remarkable history. Many famous people: A. Chekhov, M. Sholokhov, E. Vuchetich and others considered it their native place. Even greater number of the world-known people visited it frequently and worked there.
Being situated very close to the old Cossack capital (Starocherkassk until 1805) and the new capital of the Don Cossack region (Novocherkassk), Rostov is today very much the focus for the revival of the Don Cossack culture. Rostov's tourist chiefs have become aware of the increasing interest in the fascinating history of the Cossacks.
The towns of the Rostov region are not only developed centres of industry and agriculture, but they have a lot of places of interest and are very picturesque.
found - основывать
in compliance with — во исполнение чего-л., в соответствии с чем-л.
equal - равный, одинаковый
flow - струиться, течь
gateway - ворота
cover - охватывать, покрывать
remarkable - замечательный, выдающийся
consider - полагать, считать
5. Answer the following questions:
1) Where is the Rostov Region located?
2) When was the Rostov region founded as an administrative body?
3) Is Rostov Region large? Prove it.
4) What are the main rivers in the Rostov Region?
5) What does the transport infrastructure of the Rostov Region include?
6) Is Novocherkassk the administrative centre of the Rostov Region?
7) When did the city of Rostov-on-Don become the administrative centre of the Southern Federal District?
8) What names of famous people are connected with the history of the Rostov region?
6. Look at the table “Rostov region". Describe it. using the questions below.
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1) What theme is the table devoted to?
2) What information can we get from it? (It concerns personalities, facts, statistics... etc.?)
3) Are some facts compared there?
7. You can see the coat of arms of the Rostov Region. Do you know something about its origin? What do its elements symbolize? Find the lacking information in the additional recourses (literature, Internet, periodicals etc.)
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8. Act out the dialogue between a group of American tourists and an inhabitant of the Rostov Region, using exercise 5.
1.2. POPULATION OF THE ROSTOV REGION
1. Discuss the questions:
What do you know about the demographic situation in Russia? Is it similar in Rostov Region? Wlutt nationalities are represented on its territory?
2. Cheek the pronunciation of the follow ing words in the dictionary:
census, educational, amount, average, economically, annual, individual, organization, nationality, ethnicity, Armenian. Turk. Belarusian. Tatar. Korean. Georgian, atheist, spiritual. Orthodox.
3. Read and translate the text.
POPULATION OF THE ROSTOV REGION
The population of the Rostov region is 4.277,976 million people (according to the census of 2010). More than 2/3 of the population live in cities and towns. The region ranks 6lh place in Russia in terms of the population.
Population density is 42.5 people /1 square kilometer.
The working-age population is about 70% of the total amount. The educational level of the people in the economically active age is quite high. Thus, for every 1000 people 300 people have secondary specialized education. 400 - secondary general education, 87 - unfinished secondary education. 190 completed higher education degree and 12 - unfinished higher education.
The average annual number of individuals employed in economic activities is 1.75 million people, among them there are 1.2 million people working in private enterprises and organizations.
Representatives of more than 150 different nationalities live in Rostov region.
As for the national composition, the most important ethnicities are the 3,795.607 ethnic Russians: (90.3%): the 77.802 ethnic Ukrainians: (1.9%); the 110.727 ethnic Armenians: (2.6%). Other important groups are the 35.902 Turks: (0.9%); 16.493 Belarusians: (0.4%)): 13.948 Tatars: (0.3%); 17.961 Azeris: (0.4%); 11.449 Chechens: (0.3%); 16.657 Roma: (0.4%); 11.597 Koreans: (0.3%); and 8.296 Georgians: (0.2%). There are also 76.498 people (1.8%) belonging to other ethno-cultural groupings. 76.735 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.
According to a 2012 official survey of religious affiliation 49.5% of the population of Rostov Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6% are unaffiliated generic Christians. 1% adheres to other Orthodox Churches, 1% are Muslims, and 1% of the population adheres to Slavic Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism). In addition. 26% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious". 12% is atheist, and 3.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.
The mutual respect of the peoples and the traditionally close economic and cultural bonds arc the main values highly appreciated and carefully guarded on the Don.
according to - в соответствии с, согласно Rom (pi. Roma ['romaj) - цыган declare - заявлять, объявлять
estimate - оценивать; приблизительно подсчитывать, adhere to - твёрдо держаться, придерживаться чего-л. deem - думать, полагать, считать mutual - взаимный, обоюдный
4. Are these statements false or true?
1) The population of the Rostov region is 5404.013 million people.
2) More than 2/5 of the population live in cities and towns.
3) The working-age population is about 70% of the total amount.
4) The educational level of the people in the economically active age is quite low.
5) 1.2 million people in the Rostov region work in private enterprises and organizations.
6) Representatives of more than 150 different nationalities live in Rostov region.
7) The most important ethnicity are the ethnic Armenians.
8) According to a 2012 official survey of religious affiliation 49.5% of the population of Rostov Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church.
5. Find English equivalents in the text:
• плотность населения;
• население трудоспособного возраста;
• хозяйственная/экономическая деятельность;
• частное предприятие;
• национальный состав;
• база данных;
• религиозная принадлежность:
• славянское неоязычество:
• экономические и культурные связи.
6. Speak about the population of the Rostov region, its structure and current problems. (Jive your opinion on these problems.
1.3.ECONOMY OF THE ROSTOV REGION
1. Fill in the associogramm.
What ideas, terms occur to you when you think, hear about economy of a region?
2. Use the following suffixes to form a) nouns, b) adjectives:
a) -ment: to establish, to develop, to settle, to environ, to arrange, to achieve:
-tion: to organize, to produce, to communicate, to protect, to institute,
to construct, to decorate:
b) -ic: base, geography, artist, economy, cube:
-ern: cast, south, north, west, northeast.
3. Guess the meaning of the words:
North Caucasus, human, factor, labour, Transcaucasia, resources, traditionally, reform, gas. centre, metallurgy, machine-building, chemical, natural, energy, material, reserve, billion, meter, function, automobile, manufacture, order, fruit, potential, tourism.
4. Read and translate the text.
1.3. ECONOMY OF THE ROSTOV REGION
The Rostov Region’s economic development is based on such factors as its favourable geographic position (the region brings together central Russia, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia), excellent human labour resources, traditionally auspicious conditions for industrial growth, and a well-developed
transportation infrastructure.
By the pace of economic reforms in recent years, the volumes of production in the region occupy one of the leading positions both in the Southern Federal District and in Russia.
The Rostov region is surrounded by economically advanced territories: Donbass in the West, the central part of Russia in the north and northeast, the Volga region in the east and the Caucasus in the south. Country’s richest coal, oil and gas fields, metallurgy, machine-building, chemical and agricultural centres are situated only 1.0 to 1.5 thousand kilometres from the region's borders. A lot of the goods delivery pass through the territory of Rostov Region.
The development of the economy is helped by the rich natural resources with eighty per cent of the region's output related to fuel and energy. A lot of mineral resources are produced in the Rostov region, for example gas. lime-stone, refractory clays, mortar sand, chemical minerals etc.
The Rostov region possesses large coal reserves. Eastern Donbass coal, mainly anthracite, is world’s the best coal by the level of calorie content.
Mineral reserves tire used in metallurgy and construction materials production. The explored natural gas reserves are estimated at around 56.2 billion cubic meters.
The timber resources of the region are rather scarce, with forest covering only 2.89c of the region’s territory. These forests have mainly water and environmental protection functions.
Major industries of Rostov Oblast are heavy industry, coal and automobile manufacture, agriculture, food processing.
The Rostov region is one of the richest agricultural regions in Russia. It was awarded several orders and awards by the state for its achievements in agriculture. It is famous for its wheat, vegetables and fruit and especially fish.
The recreational resources are also considerable. The Rostov region has good potential for international tourism development.
Active vocabulary
favourable - благоприятный in recent years - в последние годы volume — объём surround - окружать advanced - развитый
goods delivery - доставка товаров, поставка товаров tuel-топливо, горючее lime-stone - известняк
timber-лесоматериалы; строевой лес; древесина
5. Complete the sentences.
1) The Region’s economic development is based on
2) The Rostov region is surrounded by....
3) T he development of the economy is helped by...
4) The Rostov region possesses...
5) Mineral reserves are used in...
6) The explored natural gas reserves are estimated at...
7) The timber resources of the region are...
8) Major industries of Rostov Oblast are...
9) The Rostov region is one of the richest...
10) The Rostov region has good potential for...
6. Ask the questions to the statements.
1) The Rostov Region is considered a steppe zone rich in various natural resources.
2) The versatility of the rich mineral resources found in Rostov Region is the result of the peculiarities of the area's tectonic structure.
3) The most valuable chemical minerals that the region contains are phosphorites in Sholokhovskiy and Rodionovo-Nesvetaiskiy districts.
4) The mineral raw material potential of the Rostov region is mostly composed by non-metallic recourses that form a base for the development of building materials and construction industry.
5) The Rostov Region also has the prerequisites for expanding the resource potential of scarce raw materials such as agrochemical, siliceous, pigment and sorbent materials, glass, cement and raw materials for mineral wool production.
6) In recent years a number of deposits and prospective areas of non-traditional kinds of mineral raw materials (bentonites, glauconite, chert), used as natural sorbents, natural ameliorants and mineral fertilizers, was opened in the Rostov Region.
7) The follow ing resources have a lot of industrial value: refractory clays of the Fedorovsky fields of the Krasnosulinskiy district, and flux limestones of the Zhimovsky and Bogurayevsky fields of the Tatsinskiy district.
8) The Rostov Region possesses unique reserves of non-ore materials used in the construction industry.
7. Discuss the following facts in group. Kxpress your conclusions and opinion on them.
SOME FACTS
• Due to the southern position (latitude 46-50° N) the Rostov region is noted an abundance of sunlight and heal. Sunshine duration increases from north to south, from 2067 hours per year (Millerovo) to 2143 hours per year (Rostov-on- Don). The period w ith temperatures above 10 0 С varies by area from 160 to 180 days.
• Black earth is the most widespread in the Rostov region and the most fertile soil (65% of the territory, which is 4-5% of all Russian black earth).
• Water resources are estimated as 27.7 kilometers' of yearly water supply: only 2.7 kilometers' (10%) of them are formed within the region, and the remaining 25 kilometers' (90%) are supplied from outside areas. The Rostov Region has 4.5 thousand rivers, more than 250 lakes, 3 water reservoirs, a number of ponds, and the Taganrog Bay of the Azov Sea.
• The most significant recreational resource of the region is widespread mineral waters (23 mineral water types). The Rostov area is famous for sodium and iodine-bromine waters. In the outskirts of Rostov and Semikarakorsk regions hydrogen-sulphide and iron-containing mineral waters are found.
• About 90% of the coal resources in the Rostov region are anthracites containing the best caloric value in the world. The total amount of coal reserves in the Rostov region, covered to a depth of 1.500 meters, is 13 523, 9 million tons. The coal resources are concentrated in 11 coal-mining areas.
• Within the territory of the region there have been found and registered 21 fields of hydrocarbons which include 16 gas fields, I gas condensate and 1 gas oil fields. Explored geological reserves of free gas arc 31.183 billion mand inferred - 17.673 billion nr'. The prospected resources arc 69.405 billion tons' of geological gas.
• Explored geological reserves of crude oil. respectively, are 1.891 (recoverable - 0.783) and 1.679 (recoverable - 0.713) million tons, and the condensate - 0.188 (recoverable - 0.162) and 0.001 (recoverable 0.001) million tons. At the same time, the prospected resources are 54.732 million tons of recoverable oil
• In the Millerovskiy district, there is a large field of carbonate strata (the main components in cement production) with a reserve of 12 billion tons.
• The region has 150 fields of different clays used for brick and tile production, as well as in the food processing industry for refining vegetable oils and wines, and in the boring industry for the preparation of mud solutions. One of the most famous is the bentonite clays of Tarasovskiy district (70 million tons in reserve).
8. Match the beginning of the sentences to their end.
1) One of the main competitive advantages of the Rostov region are land resources and climatic conditions that....
2) The soil is...
3) The basis of the arable lands are...
4) Among the natural resources of the Rostov region, the most important place is...
5) Almost the entire central portion of the Rostov region is...
6) Certain peculiarities of the geological structure in the Rostov region demonstrate the possibility of...
7) The Rostov region has...
8) Silicate sands in Aksayskiy and Belokalitvenskiy districts are...
9) Limestone and sandstone, which are concentrated in the Eastern Donbass area, are...
10) The Don river, connected to the Volga river by a channel, forms...
11) Main tributaries of the Don (Seversky Donets and Manych) are...
12) Various health resorts are located in
the Rostov region and..._______
a) function successfully in the areas with springs of mineral water.
b) 17 active quarries of mortar sand.
c) used in glasswork.
d) black earth and chestnut soils.
e) also used as building stones.
f) a single transportation network of the European part of Russia.
g) navigable too.
h) rich in coal.
i) considerable expansion of industrially valuable mineral ores products.
j) the real treasure of the Rostov region, k) occupied by fuel resources.
I) contribute to the dynamic development of agro-industrial complex.
9. Read the advertising material about the Rostov region of its Ministry of Economic Development.
12 reasons to invest in the Rostov region:
1. One of the best investment legislations in Russia.
2. Working with investors is a priority for local authorities on all levels.
3. The Rostov region is a “gate" of Russia to the countries of the Black sea. Mediterranean sea and Caspian sea basins.
4. Political stability in the region.
5. Developed financial, engineering and transportation infrastructure.
6. State support of investment projects on all levels - from signing protocol of intention to commissioning the project.
7. Concentrated reserves of highly-educated labour workforce.
8. Reliable consumer demand.
9. Investment opportunities in all sectors of economy.
10. Wide range of minerals and raw materials.
11. Excess energy resources.
12. Stable credit rating.
The Don land enjoys favourable investment climate, including:
• Transparent legislature
• Simple and transparent tax system
• Quality anti-monopoly surrounding
• Fair competition
• Efficient anti-corruption management
• Favourable conditions for development of small business
• Access to global markets
Rostov region is one of the best regions of Russia for efficient investment of capital
Experts of Forbes, Ministry of regional development of the Russian Federation, a range of Russian and foreign magazines have acknowledged the region as one of the best for business operation.
Large International companies like Coca-Cola and PepsiCo operate in the region, as well as Lafarge - the leading cement producer and producer of glass - Guardian. Almost all leading European retailers are present in the region many of which have been successfully operating for a number of years.
The Rostov region is always open for dialogue with Russian and foreign investors and possesses a wide array of investment opportunities starting from agrarian and industrial enterprises, ports and housing complexes to large scale projects, like FIFA World Cup 2018. construction of Rostov subway and international airport Yuzhniy Hub.
All investors of the region receive benefits and preferences, have access to public contracts and procurement and receive maximum support from the Government of the region.
(The Trade Delegation of the Russian Federation in the United Kingdom http://riistrade.org.uk/)
10. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue, dealing with the information from exercise 9. Exchange your opinions on it.
11. Draw up and write the plan of the text “Economy of the Rostov Region”. Retell the text according to the plan.
1.4. DON COSSACKS
1.4.1. THE HISTORY OK THE DON COSSAC KS
1. Discuss the questions:
What do you know about the Cossacks, their origin and history? What eminent representatives of the Cossacks are immortalized in the art. described in literature? Who are the Don Cossacks? What are they famous for?
2. Check the pronunciation of the following words in the dictionary:
Scythian, archaeologist, kingdom, campaign, jewellery, unbearable yoke, an arrow and a bow. to wander, armour, a tomb, an inseparable part.
3. Match the pairs of synonyms:
live, stream, find, invaluable, jewel, country, call, constitute, destroy, locate, territory, eternal
immortal, name, situate, state, form, river, gem, demolish, discover, area, inhabit, priceless,
3. Read and translate the text.
THE HISTORY OF THE DON COSSACKS
Our native land has a long and remarkable history. More than two thousand years ago the Scythians lived on the banks of the river Don. There are a lot of Scythian tombs there. In some of them the archaeologists found many beautiful priceless gold pieces of jewellery.
In the 9-th century A.D. on the banks of the Dnieper, the Pripyat and the Volkhov the Slavs formed their state which was called Kiev Russia. In the 10-th century the Russians destroyed the Khazar Caganate which was situated on the territories along the Don and the Volga. But then the Polovtsians came to this land. The immortal poem "The Song of Igor’s Campaign" represents the vivid picture of the Polovtsians' victory over Igor's army in 1185.
Five centuries ago the steppes of the Don were called «The Wild Field». Numerous Tatar armed groups wandered there and attacked the Russian and foreign merchants. Only in the 14 -15-th centuries the Russians began to settle there. They were the peasants who ran away from their land - owners because of the unbearable yoke and job. These brave and resolute people united into the small detachments and lived a life full of danger. They called themselves «the
Cossacks».
The word «a Cossack» is of Turkic origin and means «a white goose», this was a nick-name of the Slavs. But later the word «a Cossack» gained a new meaning - a free man.
At first the main occupation of these small armed detachments was hunting and fishing as well as constant struggle against the Turks and the Tatars who attacked them.
They made wars with the neighbouring nations. They did not even build houses because when the enemies came to the settlements, they burnt everything. Some Cossacks became rich as they brought various treasures from abroad. They married their Turkish and Polish captives as these women were the most beautiful. The Cossacks had an extraordinary rich culture representing a harmonious combination of Russian and other (Turkish. Ukrainian) cultures. The Cossacks were known for their pride, honour and courage. They were patriots and always defended Russian borders.
Only later they began to settle and work on land. The first notes about the Cossacks' villages («stanitsa») date back to 1549. The military detachments elected their leaders who were called «atamans».
The Cossacks were engaged into trade, breeding of horses and cattle. But for a long time they did not know agriculture. Sea-campaigns played a great role in the life of the Cossacks. They built special boats which helped them to win a war. To take strong drinks to the war campaign was prohibited on penalty of death. It is interesting that during the campaigns they were dressed in shabby, old clothes not to be robbed. But they managed to bring a lot of goods after the campaigns - and everything: clothes, armour, precious stones, money were distributed between all the inhabitants of the stanitsa in a just way.
Certain relations existed between the Don Army and the Russian government. The Cossacks had become a great force and played an important role in defending the southern borders by the 16-th century and the Russian government started supporting the Cossacks but at first unofficially. Since 1570 the Russian government officially sent money, wheat and gun-powder to the Don. The Russian tsar Ivan IV in his decree suggested the Cossacks to joint his army. By that time all the Cossacks were divided into two groups: those who lived in the upper territories of the Don and those who lived in the lower parts. The life of the second group was more difficult and dangerous due to the close enemies. All the male population was organized into military groups of 10 people for solving the minor problems and of 100 people - for some important cases.
In the first half of the 17-th century a special political and military organization of the Cossacks - the Don Cossack Army - was formed. Its ruling body was the Army Circle. It solved all the problems of the everyday life, held trials, received ambassadors, announced war and peace. If a Cossack wanted to get married he took a woman and brought her to the Army Circle, he said: «Be my wife»,- and a woman pronounced: «Be my husband»,- and that was enough for
of divorce was similarly easy. In a word, if getting married. The prcxu ■ a]ways went to the Circle. Peter I banned these somebody wanted somet rct]Ujring Cossacks to marry only in church,
practices in the Stepan Rasin in 1670 began in the Don region. Since then
ThC "ks were already a well trained army with iheir own rules and traditions, panics of the glorious sons of the free-loving Cossack people: Stepan Rasin, Kondratiy Bulavin. Emelyan Pugatchov will stay forever in numerous folk-songs and stories.
During the war of 1812 the Cossack cavalry under the command of ataman Platov played an important role in the battle near Borodino. Because of Platov's cavalry Napoleon could not use his Guards which were in reserve and due to this fact he did not win the battle.
Today good traditions of the Cossacks, their folk culture, economic and political status are being revived and it is important for every person who lives in the Don region to know the history and traditions of our native land.
For example, the Cossack traditions of education of a young generation seem to be of great interest. The Cossacks were initially the soldiers. That is why they tried to develop courage, deftness and quick wits in their children. When a son was born in a Cossack family his relatives presented him with a gun. an arrow and a bow and hung all these things on ihe wall over his bed. Since early childhood a boy was used to consider himself a soldier. His mother sang songs about battles: his father and grand-father told him about the glorious past. At the age of three, the boy began to ride a horse. At the age of 7 to 8 he was allowed to ride in the street, to go fishing and hunt with grown-ups.
The favourite occupation of the Cossacks in their free time were races and they always became a great holiday. Military games developed deftness and courage and prepared young people for their future difficult service.
The population of the Don region was historically multinational and culture of the Cossacks is an inseparable part of our traditional culture.
Active vocabulary
merchant - купец peasant - крестьянин detachment - о гряд nick-name - прозвище, кличка occupation - занятие, дело captive - пленник, пленница breeding-разведение, выращивание on penalty of - под страхом чего-л. armour - доспехи gun-powder - порох
1. Who was the first inhabitants of the steppes?
2. Why did the peasants run away from the landowners?
3. Why did they settle in the steppe?
4. Whal does a word «a Cossack» mean?
5. What were the first Cossacks engaged in?
6. Whal was their first organization and when was it founded?
7. What were the functions of the Army Circle?
8. What role did the Cossacks play in the war of 1812?
9. How do you estimate the traditions of a boy's education in a Cossack family?
10. What were the relations between the Cossacks and the Russian government?
11. What do you know about the uprisings led by Stepan Rasin and Emelyan Pugatchov?
12. What folk-songs, novels, poems and films about the Cossacks do you know?
13. What developed deftness and courage and prepared young people for their future difficult service?
14. Was the population of the Don region historically multinational?
3. Complete the following sentences:
1) The Slavs formed their state in...
2) Five centuries ago the steppes of the Don were called....
3) The Cossacks lived... because the Tatars and the Turks regularly attacked them.
4) The word «a Cossack» is of...
5) The first notes about the Cossack villages... to 1549.
6) The Cossacks were known for...
7) The Cossacks built special boats which...
8) To take strong drinks to the war-campaign was prohibited...
9) Since 1570 the Russian government officially sent...
10)All the male population was organized into...
11)The Army Circle was... of the Don Cossack Army.
12)During the war of 1812... played a great role.
13)When a son was bom in a Cossack family...
14)The favourite occupation of the Cossacks in their free time were...
4. Work in pairs. Ask your friend 10 questions on the text.
5. Fill in the gaps, using the words below.
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