Міністерство освіти і науки України

Міністерство освіти і науки України

ОДЕСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

Методични вказівки

до практичних занять з англійської мови

за спеціальностю “Прикладна математика”

Одеса ОНПУ 2009

Міністерство освіти і науки України

ОДЕСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

Методични вказівки

до практичних занять з англійської мови

за спеціальностю 7080202 «Прикладна математика»

для студентів II курсу

Затверджено

на засіданні каф. Іноземних мов

Протокол №8 від 24 березня 2009р.

Одеса ОНПУ 2009

Методичні вказівки до практичних занять з англійської мови за спеціальністю 7080202 “Прикладна математика ” для студентів ІІ курсу / Укл.Т.І Борисенко,М.С Кривошеїна, М.В Цинова Одесса – 2009., ОНПУ 34 c.

Укладачі: Борисенко Т.І кандидат філол. наук, доцент

Кривошеїна М.С, асистент

Цинова М.В, ст. викл.

Зміст

стор

Передмова. 4

Lesson 1. 5

Lesson 2. 8

Lesson 3. 11

Lesson 4. 14

Lesson 5. 17

Lesson 6. 20

Lesson 7. 23

Lesson 8. 26

Lesson 9. 29

Lesson 10. 32

Передмова

Метою “Методичних вказiвок” є формування впродовж 72 годин аудиторних занять у студентів (вхідний рівень володіння мовою – В1) вмiнь та навичок читання, письма та говоріння за тематикою спеціальності « Прикладна математика » на ІІ курсі навчання Інституту бізнесу економіки та інформативних технологій (вихідний рівень володіння мовою – В2). За рахунок тренування і виконання читання текстів і комунікативнихзавданьстуденти зможуть досягти практичного володіння англійською мовою за фахом.

Практичне володіння іноземною мовою в рамках даного курсу припускає наявність таких умінь в різних видах мовної комунікації, які дають можливість:

· вільно читати оригінальну літературу іноземною мовою у відповідній галузі знань;

· оформляти витягнуту з іноземних джерел інформацію у вигляді перекладу або резюме;

· робити повідомлення і доповіді іноземною мовою на теми, пов'язані з науковою роботою майбутнього фахівця;

· вести бесіду за фахом.

Кожний урок складається з тексту й комплексу мовних вправ, які розраховані на удосконалення навичок активізації словарного і граматичного мінімуму професійного спрямування.

“Методичні вказівки” забезпечують підготовку до міжнародного усного і письмового спілкування англійською мовою для спеціальних цілей, а саме - оволодіння лексичними, граматичними і стилістичними навичками, а також умінням розмовляти, читати, переписуватися, перекладати, конспектувати, згортати | і розгортати усну і письмову англомовну інформацію наукового функціонального стилю, що передбачено вимогами Програми вивчення іноземних мов у нефілологічному ВУЗі.

Lesson 1

Read the text: Divisions of applied mathematics

There is no consensus of what the various branches of applied mathematics are. Such categorizations are made difficult by the way mathematics and science change over time, and also by the way universities organize departments, courses, and degrees.

Historically, applied mathematics consists of differential equations, approximation theory (broadly construed, to include representations, asymptotic methods, variational methods, and numerical analysis), principally of applied analysis, most notably applied probability. These areas of mathematics were intimately tied to the development of Newtonian Physics, and in fact the distinction between mathematicians and physicists was not sharply drawn before the mid-19th century. This history left a legacy as well; until the early 20th century subjects such as classical mechanics were often taught in applied mathematics departments at American universities rather than in physics departments, and fluid mechanics may still be taught in applied mathematics departments.

Today, the term applied mathematics is used in a broader sense. It includes the classical areas above, as well as other areas that have become increasingly important in applications. Even fields such as number theory that are part of pure mathematics are now important in applications (such as cryptology), though they are not generally considered to be part of the field of applied mathematics Sometimes the term applicable mathematics is used to distinguish between the traditional field of applied mathematics and the many more areas of mathematics that are applicable to real-world problems.

Mathematicians distinguish between applied mathematics, which is concerned with mathematical methods, and applications of mathematics within science and engineering. A biologist using a population model and applying known mathematics would not be doing applied mathematics, but rather using it. However, nonmathematicians do not usually draw this distinction.

The line between applied mathematics and specific areas of application is often blurred. Many universities teach mathematical and statistical courses outside of the respective departments, in departments and areas including business and economics, engineering, physics, psychology, biology, computer science, and mathematical physics. Sometimes this is due to these areas having their own specialized mathematical dialects. Often this is the result of efforts of those departments to gain more student credit hours and the funds that go with them

After text activity

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

A branch, applied mathematics, to consist of,differential equations, respective departments, fluid mechanics, cryptology, approximation theory, asymptotic method, applied probability, to distinguish, increasingly important

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

What are the main branches of applied mathimatics?

Why is it so difficult to make such categorizations?

Which fields of mathematics were intimately tied to the development of Newtonian Physics?

How isthe term applied mathematics used in a broader sense nowadays?

What do many universities teach?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1) There is no consensus of what	a) have become increasingly important in applications
2) It includes the classical areas above, as well as other areas that	b) and the many more areas of mathematics that are applicable to real-world problems.
3) Sometimes the term applicable mathematics is used to distinguish between the traditional field of applied mathematics	c) specific areas of application is often blurred.
4) The line between applied mathematics and	d) the various branches of applied mathematics are.

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe Applied mathematics historically, Сategorizations of applied mathematics, specific areas of applied mathematics, applications of mathematics using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

Applied mathematics historically

approximation theory, applied analysis,, areas of mathematics, differential equations, applied probability, consists of

Example

Historically applied mathematics consists of differential equations, approximation theory, principally of applied analysis, most notably applied probability.

Сategorizations of applied mathematics

Difficult, mathematics, science, change, over time, organize departments, courses, degrees.

specific areas of applied mathematics

departments, areas, economics, engineering, physics,, computer science, mathematical physics, psychology, biology, business

applications of mathematics

science, engineering, would not be doing, applied mathematics, population model, biologist

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1)Question:___________________________________________________?

Answer: They gain more student credit hours and the funds that go with them

2)Question:___________________________________________________?

Answer: Sometimes the term applicable mathematics is used to distinguish between the traditional field of applied mathematics and the many more areas of mathematics.

3)Question______________________________________________________?

Answer: The line between applied mathematics and specific areas of application is often blurred.

4)Question____________________________________________________?

Answer: Today, the term applied mathematics is used in a broader sense:

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: methods, engineering,, nonmathematicians, distinguish

Mathematicians _________________between applied mathematics, which is concerned with mathematical_____________, and applications of mathematics within science and___________. A biologist using a population model and applying known mathematics would not be doing applied mathematics, but rather using it. However__________________ do not usually draw this distinction

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	parts	place	processes
Example This history left a legacy as well; until the early 20th century subjects such as classical mechanics were often taught in		applied mathematics departments at American universities rather than in physics departments	-
Even fields such as number theory that are part of
Sometimes this is due to these areas
Many universities teach mathematical and statistical courses outside of

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“Applied mathematics historically”

“Applied mathematics today”

“Specific areas of applied mathematics “

Lesson 2

Read the text: Applied mathematics in academic departments

Historically, mathematics was most important in the natural sciences and engineering. However, in recent years, fields outside of the physical sciences have spawned the creation of new areas of mathematics, such as game theory, which grew out of economic considerations, or neural networks, which arose out of the study of the brain in neuroscience, or bioinformatics, from the importance of analyzing large data sets in biology.

Academic institutions are not consistent in the way they group and label courses, programs, and degrees in applied mathematics. At some schools, there is a single mathematics department, whereas others have separate departments for Applied Mathematics and (Pure) Mathematics. It is very common for Statistics departments to be separate at schools with graduate programs, but many undergraduate-only institutions include statistics under the mathematics department.

Many applied mathematics programs (as opposed to departments) consist of primarily cross-listed courses and jointly-appointed faculty in departments representing applications. Some Ph.D. programs in applied mathematics require little or no coursework outside of mathematics, while others require substantial coursework in a specific area of application. In some respects this difference reflects the distinction between "application of mathematics" and "applied mathematics".

Some universities in the UK have departments of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, but it is now much less common to have separate departments of pure and applied mathematics. Schools with separate applied mathematics departments range from Brown University, which has a well-known and large Division of Applied Mathematics that offers degrees through the doctorate, to Santa Clara University, which offers only the M.S. in applied mathematics Research universities dividing their mathematics department into pure and applied sections include Harvard and MIT.

At some universities there is some tension between applied and pure mathematics departments. One reason is that pure mathematics is often perceived as having a higher intellectual standing. Another reason is a different level of compensation, as applied mathematicians are often paid more. Applied mathematics also enjoys better opportunities to bring external funding from many sources, not limited to the Division of Mathematical Sciences at the National Science Foundation (NSF) like much of pure mathematics. External funding is highly valued at research universities and is often a condition for faculty advancement. Similar tensions can also exist between statistics and mathematics groups and departments.

After text activity

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

Undergraduate, substantial, to perceive, tension, cross-listed course,a brain, neuroscience, department, consideration,neural networks, separate,degrees, to require

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

What are the new areas of applied mathematics?

What do many applied mathematics programs consist of?

What is the main distinction between "application of mathematics" and "applied mathematics"

What Universities propose a seperate faculty of applied maths?

Why is there some tension between applied and pure mathematics departments?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1) Academic institutions are not consistent in the way	a) primarily cross-listed courses and jointly-appointed faculty in departments representing applications
2) It is very common for Statistics departments to be separate at schools with graduate programs,	b) they group and label courses, programs, and degrees in applied mathematics
3)Many applied mathematics programs (as opposed to departments) consist of	c) but many undergraduate-only institutions include statistics under the mathematics department.
4) Some universities in the UK host departments of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, but	d) it is now much less common to have separate departments of pure and applied mathematics

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe new areas of mathematics, applied mathematics historically,

Ph.D programs in applied mathematics, tension between applied and pure mathematics departments using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

New areas of mathematics

Economic considerations,, arose,the study, brain, neuroscience, game theory bioinformatics,, large data sets,biology, neural networks, importance

Example

A game theory grew out of economic considerations, or neural networks, which arose out of the study of the brain in neuroscience, or bioinformatics, from the importance of analyzing large data sets in biology.

Applied mathematics historically

Mathematics, important,natural sciences,engineering

Ph.D programs in applied mathematics

Require, coursework, outside of mathematics, substantial coursework, a specific area, application

Tension between applied and pure mathematics departments

Perceived, higher intellectual standing, reason, level of compensation, applied mathematicians

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1)Question:______________________________________________________?

Answer Research universities dividing their mathematics department into pure and applied sections include Harvard and MIT

2)Question:____________________________________________________?

Answer. Schools with separate applied mathematics departments range from Brown University, which has a well-known and large Division of Applied Mathematics

3)Question______________________________________________________?

Answer Departments of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics

4)Question___________________________________________________?

Answer: One reason is that pure mathematics is often perceived as having a higher intellectual standing.

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: statistics, advancement, tensions, research,

External funding is highly valued at ____________universities and is often a condition for faculty______________. Similar____________ can also exist between_______________ and mathematics groups and departments.

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	parts	place	processes
Example Some Ph.D. programs in applied mathematics	-	-	require little or no coursework outside of mathematics
Many applied mathematics programs (as opposed to departments) consist of
Research universities dividing their mathematics department into
External funding is highly valued at

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“New areas of mathematics”

“ Academic institutions proposing applied math faculties”

Lesson 3

Read the text President Applied Mathematics, Inc.

William Browning is president of the technical consulting firm, Applied Mathematics, Inc., located in Gales Ferry, Connecticut. Since starting the company in 1980, he has worked in the area of operations research, primarily, developing custom software for real time decision systems. About 85% of his work is for the government and about 75% of that is for the United States and United Kingdom Submarine Force. The office in Gales Ferry currently consists of nine technical people, including three with Ph.D. degrees in mathematics and two with Ph.D. degrees in physics.

The systems he develops must perform as quickly as possible in real time and depend heavily on the mathematical areas of optimization, probability, and numerical analysis. These systems make recommendations based on the most recently available data, and update frequently based on new incoming data. For instance, Bill recently worked with the Coast Guard on systems they use to perform search and rescue operations. When someone is lost at sea either due to a ship wreck or to falling overboard, a distress call is received by the Coast Guard. The person may be drifting in the water or in a raft and the Coast Guard needs to know the ocean surface currents to determine likely places to search. They fly to the last known position and drop buoys. The Coast Guard systems use data collected by satellite from the buoys to determine drift rates. Since there is a premium on time, the systems must work with poor first estimates to give a good idea of where to begin the search. Although better information may develop over time, these first estimates are critical. The mathematical techniques used include optimization, statistical interpolation and filtering.

Bill has a B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in mathematics from Purdue University. When he finished his Ph.D. in 1974, he considered academic employment until he met Burgess Rhodes, who at that time was with Wagner, Associates, at an AMS meeting. Bill's thesis advisor, Leonard D. Berkovitz, had worked at RAND, and gave Bill good advice on careers in industry. Bill worked at Wagner, Associates for six years before starting his company.

Working for a consulting firm requires a broad breath of mathematical and computer knowledge, as well as good written and oral communication skills. It requires working in an interdisciplinary group and it is useful to have some exposure to how non- mathematicians use mathematics. He sees a continuing need for technically trained people who can work on interdisciplinary projects. Clients of consulting firms are usually the government or large firms, who don't want the expense of developing the expertise in- house that is needed on certain technical problems.

After text activity

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

Satellite, an exposure, a raft, due to, to rescue, currently, government, software, frequently, a wreck, to estimate, an expense, surface, incoming data

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

What is the main working area of the technical consulting firm, Applied Mathematics, Inc?

How does The Coast Guard system operate?

Who is the president of the Applied Mathematics Inc?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1.These systems make recommendations based on the most recently available data,	a). distress call is received by the Coast Guard.
2. When someone is lost at sea either due to a ship wreck or to falling overboard,	b). the systems must work with poor first estimates to give a good idea of where to begin the search
3. Since there is a premium on time	c). as well as good written and oral communication skills.
4. Working for a consulting firm requires a broad breath of mathematical and computer knowledge,	d). and update frequently based on new incoming data.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets choosing the right words

They fly to the last (prepared/known) position and drop buoys. The Coast Guard systems use data (observed/ collected)by satellite from the buoys(to determine/to come) drift rates

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe William Browning, the systems he develops, the Coast Guard systems, working for a consulting firm using the suggested words and expressions as in the example:

William Browning

operations research, software for real time decision, in the area

He has worked in the area of operations research, primarily, developing custom software for real time decision systems.

The systems he developes

to develop, depend, mathematical areas of optimization, probability, and numerical analysis, recommendations

The Coast Guard systems

to perform, search and rescue, is lost, ship wreck, falling overboard, a distress call, may be drifting, a raft, the ocean surface,to drop buoy, data collected by satellite

Working for a consulting firm

to require, mathematical and computer knowledge, communication skills, technically trained people, interdisciplinary projects,a client, the government or large firms, technical problems.

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

Question:___________________________________________________________

Answer: Coast Guard needs to know the ocean surface 2)Question:___________________________________________________________

Answer: Leonard D. Berkovitz, had worked at RAND, and gave Bill good advice

3)Question:___________________________________________________________

Answer: Bill has a B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in mathematics from Purdue University

4)Question:___________________________________________________________

Answer: The mathematical techniques used include optimization, statistical interpolation and filtering.

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: drifting, position, surface, wreck

. When someone is lost at sea either due to a ship _________or to falling overboard, a distress call is received by the Coast Guard. The person may be _____________in the water or in a raft and the Coast Guard needs to know the ocean______________ currents to determine likely places to search. They fly to the last known_____________ and drop buoys

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	parts	place	time
Example Bill worked at Wagner, Associates for six years	-	-	before starting his company
The office in Gales Ferry currently consists of
The Coast Guard systems use
About 85% of his work is for the government and about 75% of that is for

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“William Browning”

“Applied Mathematics, Inc.”

Lesson 4

Read the text: McDonnell Douglas Corporation

Among the principle products MDC produces in St. Louis are fighter and commercial aircraft, rockets, tactical missiles, and helicopters. The OA department provides MDC decision makers with quantitative, objective bases for evaluation options in the general areas of Warfare Analysis, System Design, Cost Analysis, Risk Management, Technology Prioritization, Competitive Assessments, and Manufacturing Processes. "Mathematics plays a central role in the activities of the OA department," notes Jerry. "We use digital computer programs to simulate and study the performance and effectiveness of our products." These programs are based on mathematical models of the flight characteristics, wartime threat environment and performance of radar or IR detection devices. For example, Jerry's department developed a Genetic Algorithm methodology that helps them find optimal solutions to large, poorly defined problems, such as Air-to-Air combat tactics. These problems are not amenable to solution by classical calculus-based techniques.

Recently, people in his department worked on a problem that arose during the test phase of the C-17 Globemaster, the new short-takeoff and landing military transport plane for the U.S. Air Force. "One of the roles of the C-17 is to deliver paratroops to a combat zone," says Jerry. "During an early paratroop test phase, using mannequins instead of live troops, it was discovered that under certain flight conditions, the parachute canopies of the dropped mannequins.This was not acceptable course, and could have caused a major delay in the program. "Two analysts from the OA department devised a Taguchi design-of-experiments model to seek flight conditions that would provide safe (non-colliding) jumps. The analysts accompanied Air Force and Army personnel into the desert test drop zone to witness jumps and develop test data.

"Their work was successful," says Jerry. "Aircraft speed, flap settings, deck angles and other parameter values were found for which the mannequin jumps were contact free. Safe live jumps followed. The $19 billion program continued with no delay, the aircraft is now in service and has delivered people and equipment to Bosnia."

Jerry has a B.A. and M.S. in mathematics from Southern Illinois University - Carbondale, and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from Purdue University. He was with MDC 29 years, first working on the interplanetary mission analysis problems with the Viking Mars Lander program. He also worked on mission analysis problems for the Galileo atmospheric Probe Mission to Jupiter and on the Shuttle Orbiter program. Later, he joined the OA department where he used stochastic modeling to analyze the survivability of the Harpoon and Tomahawk tactical cruise missiles. "This was a totally different kind of mathematics from what I had been doing on the space programs," says Jerry, "and illustrates the versatility that people with math backgrounds can bring to industry." Later he moved into management, first in the Strategic Management organization responsible for technology investment prioritization and finally into his position as department head.

"My original reason for seeking a job in industry was my total fascination with the U.S. space program and a desire to be a part of it," recalls Jerry. "Students with mathematics backgrounds will have several choices as to what industry to go into. I suggest they follow their heart." He enjoyed the challenge of working on real world problems and maintained his academic ties by teaching evening courses at Washington University in St. Louis, where he plans to continue teaching. In addition to taking the standard mathematics courses, he recommends students take as many physical science and engineering courses as their schedules permit, and get competent with computers. "Once on the job", says Jerry, "develop and maintain a sense of humor. Learn to accept and deal with bureaucracy. Be proactive about you career - look for opportunities for advancement and accept change in the workplace."

After text activity

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

Fighter,commercial aircraft, tactical missiles, helicopter, evaluation options,, wartime threat environment, short-takeoff, deck angles, stochastic modeling, survivability, versatility, background, fascination, schedule.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

What are the principle MDC products?

What did the people from this compony recently work on?

What was the result of their work?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

a)Among the principle products MDC produces in St. Louis are	1) mission analysis problems with the Viking Mars Lander program
b). He was with MDC 29 years, first working on the interplanetary	2) technology investment prioritization and finally into his position as department head.
c) He moved into management, first in the Strategic Management organization responsible for	3)fighter and commercial aircraft, rockets, tactical missiles, and helicopters
d) Later, he joined the OA department where he used	4).stochastic modeling to analyze the survivability of the Harpoon and Tomahawk tactical cruise missiles

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe digital computer programs, the C-17 Globemaster, the interplanetary mission, students with mathematics backgrounds using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

Digital computer programs

Flight characteristics, wartime threat, radar or IR detection devices programs are based, mathematical models

Example

These programs are based on mathematical models of the flight characteristics, wartime threat environment and performance of radar or IR detection devices.

the C-17 Globemaster

short-takeoff, landing military, transport, plane, the U.S. Air Force

the interplanetary mission

problems,the Viking Mars Lander program,mission analysis problems, Galileo atmospheric Probe Mission to Jupite, the Shuttle Orbiter program.

Students with mathematics backgrounds

Choices,industry, follow,their heart, the challenge, world, problems, academic, ties,courses, Washington University,continue, teaching.

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

Question:________________________________________________?

Answer: One of the roles of the C-17 is to deliver paratroops to a combat zone

Question:________________________________________________?

Answer: The analysts accompanied Air Force and Army personnel into the desert test drop zone to witness jumps and develop test data 3)Question:______________________________________________________?

Answer: Later he moved into management, first in the Strategic Management organization responsible for technology investment prioritization and finally into his position as department head.

Question:_______________________________________________?

Answer: In addition to taking the standard mathematics courses, he recommends students take as many physical science and engineering courses as their schedules permit, and get competent with computers.

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: contact, continued, delivered, found, successful

"Their work was____________," says Jerry. "Aircraft speed, flap settings, deck angles and other parameter values were _____________for which the mannequin jumps were ________ free. Safe live jumps followed. The $19 billion program ___________with no delay, the aircraft is now in service and has ____________people and equipment to Bosnia."

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	products	place	processes
Example Among the principle products MDC produces in St. Louis are	fighter and commercial aircraft, rockets, tactical missiles, and helicopters.	-	-
These problems are not amenable to
Recently, people in his department worked on
This was not acceptable course

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“McDonnell Douglas Corporation “

“The C-17 Globemaster”

Lesson 5

Applied Maths launches new corporate website and logo.BioNumerics software.

Applied Maths NV is pleased to unveil its new corporate website www.applied-maths.com. The new website design presents a wealth of well-organized information in a modern and intuitive design.

"The challenge of designing a website is that it has to be attractive and informative both for existing customers and new visitors" said Luc Vauterin, CEO at Applied Maths. "With our new website, we have achieved this goal by offering quick product and news headlines on the front-page, while providing specialist information in an intuitive and surveyable platform."In parallel with the launch of a new website, the company also unveils its new corporate logo and branding. The new logo is vibrant and recognizable, both in colours and design, conveying the message of a dynamic company with a unique identity. The stylized double helix refers to the DNA molecule as a symbol of bioinformatics.

About Applied MathsApplied Maths, a bioinformatics company, was set up in 1992 and incorporated in 1994. Since then, it has gained global recognition with its software for the analysis of electrophoresis patterns. The company has acquired a unique market position with BioNumerics, a software suite for integrated databasing and the analysis of all kinds of biodata. BioNumerics has developed into a multi-faceted platform combining databasing and analysis technologies, with numerous applications in research and diagnostics, including in bacterial and viral epidemiology and profiling, plant improvement, human genetics and biotechnology.

Applied Maths combines extensive expertise in bioinformatics and unique mathematical know-how to develop the most powerful and fastest algorithms for pattern recognition and matching, data mining, screening and clustering. In so doing, the company fulfils a critical requirement in the bioinformatics industry for obtaining and analysing greater and more complex data sets. The impact of Applied Maths' software is evidenced by referrals in more than 1300 scientific publications and an impressive portfolio of customers in the academic, industrial, clinical and public sectors in more that eighty countries.

BioNumerics is the only software platform to offer integrated analysis of all major applications in Bioinformatics: 1D electrophoresis gels, all kinds of chromatographic and spectrometric profiles, 2D protein gels, phenotype characters, microarrays, and sequences. The unique power of BioNumerics lies in its ability to combine information from various genomic and phenotypic sources into one global database and conduct conclusive analyses.

BioNumerics runs on industry leading database engines such as Oracle® and Microsoft® SQL ServerTM. With its integrated networking and client-server features, the software is the perfect backbone for universal data management and analysis within and between laboratories of any size.

Unparalleled 1D gel and fingerprint analysis

Innovative 2D gel analysis with powerful databasing and querying<

Comprehensive sequence and chromosome analysis

Exploration of high-throughput microarray and genechip expression data

Combined querying, mining and analysis of all aforementioned data types

Numerous supervised and unsupervised learning techniques and statistical tests

After text activity

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

Evidence, vibrant, to gain, impact, mining, clustering, to fulfil, requirement, extensive, improvement, to acquire, recognition, convey, headline, to launch, identity, helix, to unveil

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

What is Applied Maths NV pleased to unveil?

What goal have they achieved with the help of this web-side?

When was the Applied Maths company set up?

What branches has BioNumerics developed?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1) The new website design presents a wealth of	a) an impressive portfolio of customers in the academic, industrial, clinical and public sectors in more that eighty countries.
2) The stylized double helix refers to the DNA molecule	b) for integrated databasing and the analysis of all kinds of biodata.
3) The impact of Applied Maths' software is evidenced by referrals in more than 1300 scientific publications and	c) as a symbol of bioinformatics.
4) The company has acquired a unique market position with BioNumerics, a software suite	d). well-organized information in a modern and intuitive design

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe applied Maths NV website, a new corporate logo and branding, a bioinformatics company, BioNumerics using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

Applied Maths NV website

Wealth, well-organized, information, website, intuitive design, presents, modern

Example

The new website design presents a wealth of well-organized information in a modern and intuitive design.

A new corporate logo and branding

Logo, recognizable, design, conveying, the message, company, colours unique, identity, vibrant

A bioinformatics company

Patterns, gained,recognition, software, analysis, electrophoresis,global

BioNumerics

Platform, analysis technologies, numerous,applications,, viral, epidemiology, profiling, plant improvement, human genetics, developed biotechnology, bacterial, multi-faceted

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

Question____________________________________________________________

Answer: A software suite for integrated databasing and the analysis of all kinds of biodata.

Question____________________________________________________________

Answer: In parallel with the launch of a new website, the company also unveils its new corporate logo and branding

3) Question____________________________________________________________

Answer: A bioinformatics company, was set up in 1992 and incorporated in 1994

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: headlines,existing, surveyable, website, designing, achieved, attractive

"The challenge of____________ a website is that it has to be___________ and informative both for___________ customers and new visitors" said Luc Vauterin, CEO at Applied Maths. "With our new___________, we have __________this goal by offering quick product and news___________ on the front-page, while providing specialist information in an intuitive and_____________ platform."

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	software	information	process
Example Since then, it has gained global recognition with its	software for the analysis of electrophoresis patterns.
The new website design presents
In so doing, the company fulfils a critical requirement in
Applied Maths combines extensive expertise in bioinformatics and unique mathematical know-how

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

BioNumerics version 5.1 – A new dimension in sequence analysis

Applied Maths enters into financial partnership with KBC Investment Funds

A new Plugin for automated spa typing analysis in BioNumerics

Lesson 6

Read the text: Engineering Specialist

The Aerospace Corporation Trajectory Prescribed Path Control Problem

In a trajectory optimal control or prescribed path control problem, a trajectory is determined which satisfies simultaneously both the equations of motion for the vehicle and additional mission constraints. In general, the equations of motion form a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In a prescribed path control problem, additional path constraints are imposed to dictate the shape of the trajectory. In an optimal control problem, a performance index (or cost functional) is minimized or maximized subject to the satisfaction of the differential equations, path constraints, and associated boundary conditions. In both cases, the control profile along the trajectory, as well as the state profile, must be determined.

The first-order necessary conditions for a solution to the optimal control problem generate the Euler-Lagrange system of equations. The Euler-Lagrange system is most generally a boundary value problem for a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). Typically, these DAEs have the semi-explicit form of a set of differential equations coupled with some algebraic equations. The differential equations include the equations of motion and are dependent on both the state and control variables in general. The algebraic equations arise from explicit path constraints specified in the problem, or more subtly from the necessary conditions for an optimal solution. The algebraic constraints may or may not involve the control variables. Hence, there is the potential that the underlying DAE system has an index greater than one.

Over the past 35 years, many methods have been developed to solve these trajectory problems. One such technique, known as the direct transcription method, has been implemented in the trajectory optimization and sizing code FONSIZE. In the direct transcription method, a discretization based on a collocation formula is applied to the differential equations and mission constraints to obtain a parameter optimization problem.

In theory, any nonlinear programming (NLP) algorithm can be used to solve the parameter optimization problem resulting from the direct transcription of an optimal control problem. However, it is critical to the efficiency and ultimate success of this approach to employ an NLP algorithm designed for {\em sparse, large-scale} parameter optimization problems. The sparsity has two origins: the collocation method and the inherent sparse character of the trajectoryproblems (i.e., each variable is involved in relatively few constraints). It is important to exploit the sparsity properties in order to reduce storage requirements and to increase efficiency of the solution of linear systems required by the NLP algorithm.

FONSIZE is used to design new space vehicles, specifically the size of fuel tanks ("sizing") in conjunction with optimally flying the trajectory. For example, in a launch vehicle, one might want to minimize the ascent fuel required, satisfy some trajectory constraints along with the equations of motion, and design the fuel tank lengths.

After text activity

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

trajectory, simultaneously, to impose, constraint, boundary conditions, differential-algebraic equations, semi-explicit, mission constraints, sparsity properties

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

How is a trajectory optimal control or prescribed path control problem determined?

What was made to solve the problem of a trajectory?

What is the Euler-Lagrange system of equations?

What can be used to solve the parameter optimization problem?

Which two origins does the sparsity have?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1) In a prescribed path control problem, additional path constraints	a)generate the Euler-Lagrange system of equations
2)One such technique, known as the direct transcription method,.	b)subtly from the necessary conditions for an optimal solution
3)The first-order necessary conditions for a solution to the optimal control problem	c) has been implemented in the trajectory optimization and sizing code FONSIZE
4)The algebraic equations arise from explicit path constraints specified in the problem, or more	d) are imposed to dictate the shape of the trajectory

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe Trajectory Prescribed Path Control Problem, The Euler-Lagrange system, code FONSIZE, any nonlinear programming (NLP) algorithm using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

Trajectory Prescribed Path Control Problem

is determined, satisfies simultaneously, motion, vehicle,additional mission, prescribed path, to dictate the shape, the trajectory

Example

In a trajectory optimal control or prescribed path control problem, a trajectory is determined which satisfies simultaneously both the equations of motion for the vehicle and additional mission constraints.

The Euler-Lagrange system

a boundary, differential-algebraic equations, differential equations, are dependend on, control variables, include

Code FONSIZE

mission constraints, to obtain, collocation formula, direct transcription method

Nonlinear programming (NLP) algorithm

can be used, parameter optimization problem, the direct transcription, the efficiency, ultimate success, approach, to employ

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1)Question:____________________________________________________?

Answer: The equations of motion form a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations 2)Question:______________________________________________________?

Answer: Typically, these DAEs have the semi-explicit form of a set of differential equations coupled with some algebraic equations 3)Question______________________________________________________?

Answer: The algebraic constraints may or may not involve the control variables.

4)Question____________________________________________________?

Answer: There is the potential that the underlying DAE system has an index greater than one.

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: to exploit, to reduce, to increase, trajectory, linear, collocation

The sparsity has two origins: ______________method and the inherent sparse character of the______________ problems (i.e., each variable is involved in relatively few constraints). It is important______________ the sparsity properties in order______________ storage requirements and______________ efficiency of the____________ solution of systems required by the NLP algorithm.

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	Trajectory	parts	processes
Example In an optimal control problem, a performance index is minimized or maximized subject to the satisfaction of the	-	differential equations, path constraints, and associated boundary conditions	-
Typically, these DAEs have the semi-explicit form of a set of
The algebraic constraints may or may not involve
Over the past 35 years, many methods have been developed

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“The Euler-Lagrange system”,

“Nonlinear programming (NLP) algorithm.

Lesson 7

Read the text: Comparison of Color Tolerance Formulea

Color is the result of the combination of a light source, an object that it illuminates, and a visual system to perceive the color which is usually the eye and the brain of a human being working together. Color is commonly described by the attributes of lightness, chroma, and hue. Lightness is how the color is classified according to a series of grays ranging from black to white. Chroma describes the degree of saturation of color; i.e. the difference between the color and a gray of that same lightness. Hue is what we humans call the 'color' of an object: red, yellow, blue, etc. Any color can be uniquely described by these three attributes in a color order system known as CIELCH space. CIELCH space was defined by the International Commission on Illumination, or CIE, to standardize color descriptions using lightness, L, chroma, C, and hue, H. The CIELCH color order system is a three-dimensional space which has a shape similar to a football. The cylindrical coordinates L* (lightness), C* (chroma), and h* (hue) most closely describe how we perceive color.

Given any two objects' colors described in L*C*h* coordinates, one can apply a color difference formula to determine if the two objects can be said to be the same color. (Usually one object is considered to be the standard, or be the color to be matched, and the other object is a sample submitted for color approval.) One color difference formula is *E-CMC which is based on the concept of color acceptability ellipsoids in CIELCH space. Given a standard color and a sample color, the sample is acceptably close to the standard if it lies on or within an ellipsoid centered at the standard. The ellipsoid is oriented along the lightness, chroma, and hue axes of the standard. The lengths of the semi-axes of the ellipsoid are the lightness, chroma, and metric hue tolerances associated with the standard. (The tolerances are pre-determined for any standard by the CMC formula.) The value of *E-CMC for a sample point is the Euclidean distance from the standard to the sample where the differences have been scaled by the respective tolerances. There exist instruments known as spectrophotometers which can accurately describe an object's color in L*C*h* coordinates. Textile and apparel manufacturers use spectrophotometers and the *E-CMC formula to determine color acceptability of fabrics for their end use.

The Defense Personnel Support Center (DPSC) in Philadelphia currently uses instrumental color evaluation to determine the acceptability of fabrics relative to a given standard color. (Those fabrics are used to make U.S. Military uniforms, fatigues, etc.) The procedures which were developed and are now used by DPSC incorporate a proprietary color difference formula known as *A. Since *E-CMC is widely used and accepted in industry, DPSC has interest in converting from the *A formula to *E-CMC. Our work here at Clemson Apparel Research has consisted of comparing the two color difference formulae structurally and statistically and converting existing *A color acceptability tolerances to *E-CMC color tolerances.

After text activity

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

approval, an axe, respective tolerance, acceptability, fabrics, fatigue, scale, pre-determined, saturation, to range, to perceive

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) What is colour?

2) What is lightness of colour?

3) What does describe the degree of saturation of colour?

4) What formula helps to define colour?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1) Lightness is how the color is classified according to a series of	a)between the color and a gray of that same lightness
2)Chroma describes the degree of saturation of color; i.e. the difference	b) any standard by the CMC formula.
3) The tolerances are pre-determined for	c) DPSC incorporate a proprietary color difference formula known as *A.”
4) The procedures which were developed and are now used by	d)grays ranging from black to white.

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe Origin of colour, CIELCH space, L*C*h* coordinates, E-CMC formula, The Defense Personnel Support Center (DPSC) in Philadelphia using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

Origin of colour

Combination, light source, illuminates, visual system, to perceive, eye and the brain, the attributes of lightness, chroma, and hue.

Example

Color is the result of the combination of a light source, an object that it illuminates, and a visual system to perceive the color which is usually the eye and the brain of a human being working together.

CIELCH space

Was defined, the International Commission on Illumination,, lightness, chroma, hue, three-dimensional space, perceive color.

L*C*h* coordinates

Can apply, difference, to determine, the same color, color approval, color to be matched

E-CMC formula

Is based,, the standard, an ellipsoid centered, the lightness, chroma,hue axes of the standard, is oriented

Defense Personnel Support Center (DPSC) in Philadelphia

Uses instrumental color, evaluation, to determine, the acceptability, fabrics, a given standard,color, military uniforms, fatigue.

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1)Question:____________________________________________________?

Answer: Color is commonly described by the attributes of lightness, chroma, and hue

2)Question:____________________________________________________?

Answer: Hue is what we humans call the 'color' of an object: red, yellow, blue, etc

3)Question____________________________________________________?

Answer: One color difference formula is *E-CMC which is based on the concept of color acceptability ellipsoids in CIELCH space

4)Question____________________________________________________?

Answer: Since *E-CMC is widely used and accepted in industry

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: differences, spectrophotometers, color, sample, tolerances

The value of *E-CMC for a___________ point is the Euclidean distance from the standard to the sample where the _____________ have been scaled by the respective___________. There exist instruments known as _____________________which can accurately describe an object's ______in L*C*h* coordinates

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04