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⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 5Следующая ⇒

@ 8 > B A C B A B 2 8 8 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 9 ( =0; EMBED Equation.3 =0) @ -?? 5 @ 5 E > 4 K = 0 E > 4 O B A O 2 A > A B > O = 8 8 @ 0 2 = > 2 5 A 8 O. " >: 8 G 5 @ 5 7 = 8 E @ 0 2 = K = C; N.

= 5 H = 8 5 8 A B > G = 8: 8 2:; N G 0 N B B 0:, G B > 1 K = 0 M < 8 B B 5 @ = > <? 5 @ 5 E > 4 5 1 K; >? @ O < > 5 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 (?; N A 8 A B > G = 8: 0 EMBED Equation.3 ? > 4 0 = = 0 1 0 7 C, < 8 = C A - = 0 M < 8 B B 5 @), 0 = 0: >;; 5: B > @ = > <? 5 @ 5 E > 4 5 - > 1 @ 0 B = > 5 (?; N A 8 A B > G = 8: 0 - = 0: >;; 5: B > @, < 8 = C A - = 0 M < 8 B B 5 @). ‑ 1 K G = > >> EMBED Equation.3 . > M B > < C:

EMBED Equation.3 .

> 4 2 > 7 4 5 9 A B 2 8 5 <? @ O < > 3 > = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O U1 M = 0 G 8 = 0 5 B A O C A 8; 5 = = 0 O 4 8 D D C 7 8 O M; 5: B @ > = > 2 8 7 M < 8 B B 5 @ 0 2 1 0 7 C, > 1 @ 0 7 C O B >: M < 8 B B 5 @ 0 IM. " 0:: 0: 1 0 7 0 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 2 K? >; = O 5 B A O B > =: > 9, > A = > 2 = 0 O G 0 A B L M; 5: B @ > = > 2 4 > A B 8 3 0 5 B: >;; 5: B > @ = > 3 >? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 = 5? >? 0 4 0 O 2 F 5 = B @ K @ 5: > < 1 8 = 0 F 8 8. - B 8 M; 5: B @ > = K 7 0 E 2 0 B K 2 0 N B A O C A: > @ O N I 8 <? >; 5 < 7 0: @ K B > 3 >: >;; 5: B > @ = > 3 >? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 A? > B 5 = F 8 0; > <:

EMBED Equation.3 ,

8 2 B O 3 8 2 0 N B A O 2 > 1; 0 A B L: >;; 5: B > @ 0.

" >: M; 5: B @ > = > 2,? >? 0 2 H 8 E 8 7 M < 8 B B 5 @ 0 2: >;; 5: B > @, 7 0 < K: 0 5 B A O G 5 @ 5 7 2 = 5 H = N N F 5? L 8 8 A B > G = 8: . 8 H L = 5 1 >; L H 0 O G 0 A B L M; 5: B @ > = > 2 @ 5: > < 1 8 = 8 @ C 5 B 2 1 0 7 5 A 4 K @: 0 < 8. - B 0 G 0 A B L C < 5 = L H 0 5 B B >:: >;; 5: B > @ 0 = 0 2 5; 8 G 8 = C (, B.5.:

I: = (IM, (12.3)

3 4 5 (= 0,9 (0,99 -: > M D D 8 F 8 5 = B? 5 @ 5 4 0 G 8 B >: 0 M < 8 B B 5 @ 0.

0 @ O 4 @ 5: > < 1 8 = 8 @ > 2 0 2 H 8 E M; 5: B @ > = > 2 > A B 0 5 B A O 2 1 0 7 5. ; O: > <? 5 = A 0 F 8 8 M B > 3 > 7 0 @ O 4 0 8 7 8 A B > G = 8: 0 1 2 1 0 7 C? > A B C? 0 N B 4 K @: 8. > M B > < C B >: 1 0 7 K? @ 5 4 A B 0 2; O 5 B A > 1 > 9 B >: @ 5: > < 1 8 = 0 F 8 8:

EMBED Equation.3 . (12.4)

" >:: >;; 5: B > @ 0, >? @ 5 4 5; O 5 < K 9 2 K @ 0 6 5 = 8 5 < (12.3), 7 0 2 8 A 8 B > B = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O U1 M 8 = 0 7 K 2 0 5 B A O C? @ 0 2; O 5 < K <. @ > < 5 C? @ 0 2; O 5 < > 3 > B >: 0, G 5 @ 5 7 7 0: @ K B K 9: >;; 5: B > @ = K 9? 5 @ 5 E > 4? @ > B 5: 0 5 B > 1 @ 0 B = K 9 B >: I: 1 >, > 1 C A; > 2; 5 = = K 9 4 @ 5 9 D > < A > 1 A B 2 5 = = K E = > A 8 B 5; 5 9 7 0 @ O 4 0.! C G 5 B > < M B > 3 >:

EMBED Equation.3 ,

EMBED Equation.3 .

K @ 0 7 8 : M < 8 B B 5 @ 0 8 7? > A; 5 4 = 5 3 > 2 K @ 0 6 5 = 8 O:

EMBED Equation.3

> 4 A B 0 2; O O M B > 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 2 2 K @ 0 6 5 = 8 5 4; O B >: 0: >;; 5: B > @ 0,? >; C G 0 5 <:

EMBED Equation.3 , (12.5)

3 4 5 (-: > M D D 8 F 8 5 = B? 5 @ 5 4 0 G 8 B >: 0 1 0 7 K ((1;

I: M > > 1 @ 0 B = K 9 B >: B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0.

" 0:: 0: I: M > > 1 K G = >? @ 5 = 5 1 @ 5 6 8 < > < 0;, A? @ 0 2 5 4; 8 2 >? @ 8 1; 8 6 5 = = > 5 @ 0 2 5 = A B 2 >:

EMBED Equation.3 . (12.6)

‑ = >? >: 0 7 K 2 0 5 B, G B > 5 A; 8 B >: 1 0 7 K 8 7 < 5 = 8 B L = 0 2 5; 8 G 8 = C EMBED Equation.3 I1, B > B >:: >;; 5: B > @ 0 8 7 < 5 = 8 B A O = 0 2 5; 8 G 8 = C ((I1, B.5. 2 (@ 0 7 1 >; L H C N. M B > < 8 7 0:; N G 0 5 B A O A C B L C A 8; 5 = 8 O.

> A = > 2 = K <? 0 @ 0 < 5 B @ 0 < 1 8? >; O @ = K E B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ > 2 > B = > A O B A O A @ 5 4 = 8 5 8 < 0: A 8 < 0; L = > 4 >? C A B 8 < K 5 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 O B >: > 2: >;; 5: B > @ 0 8 1 0 7 K, < 0: A 8 < 0; L = K 5 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 O = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 9 U: M; U1 M; U: 1;: > M D D 8 F 8 5 = B? 5 @ 5 4 0 G 8 B >: 0 1 0 7 K (, < 0: A 8 < 0; L = > 4 >? C A B 8 < K 5 G 0 A B > B 0 8 < > I = > A B L 8 B.?.

0 6 4 K 9 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @? > A E 5 < 5 A ‑ - >? 8 A K 2 0 5 B A O A 5 < 5 9 A B 2 0 < 8 2 K E > 4 = K E 8 2 E > 4 = K E E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: (@ 8 A. 12.61 8 12.62 A > > B 2 5 B A B 2 5 = = >). K E > 4 = > 9 2 >; L B 0 <? 5 @ = > 9 E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: > 9 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 = 0 7 K 2 0 5 B A O 7 0 2 8 A 8 < > A B L B >: 0: >;; 5: B > @ 0 > B = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O U: M B.5. I: = ((U: M), A = O B 0 O? @ 8? > A B > O = = > : 5 1 0 7 K I1 = const.

0 2 K E > 4 = > 9 E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: 5 < > 6 = > 2 K 4 5; 8 B L B @ 8 E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ = K E C G 0 A B: 0. 5 @ 2 K 9 C G 0 A B >:; 5 6 8 B 2 > 1; 0 A B 8 < 0; K E 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 9 EMBED Equation.3 . @ 8 B 0: > < = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 8: >;; 5: B > @ = K 9? 5 @ 5 E > 4 >: 0 7 K 2 0 5 B A O > B: @ K B K <. " @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ @ 0 1 > B 0 5 B 2 @ 5 6 8 < 5 = 0 A K I 5 = 8 O. " >:: >;; 5: B > @ 0 @ 5 7: > 8 7 < 5 = O 5 B A O A 8 7 < 5 = 5 = 8 5 < = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O EMBED Equation.3 . 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 > B A 5: 0 N I 5 5: @ C B > 9 C G 0 A B >:; 5 6 8 B 2? @ 5 4 5; 0 E EMBED Equation.3 . 5 @ 2 K 9 C G 0 A B >: 8 A? >; L 7 C 5 B A O 2 8 <? C; L A = > 9 B 5 E = 8: 5? @ 8 @ 5 0; 8 7 0 F 8 8:; N G 5 2 > 3 > @ 5 6 8 < 0 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0.

>; L H C N G 0 A B L E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: 8 7 0 = 8 < 0 5 B II,? >; > 3 8 9 C G 0 A B >:. 0 M B > < C G 0 A B: 5 B >:: >;; 5: B > @ 0? > G B 8 = 5 7 0 2 8 A 8 B > B = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O EMBED Equation.3 . 3 > 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5? @ 0: B 8 G 5 A: 8? >; = > A B L N >? @ 5 4 5; O 5 B A O B >: > < 1 0 7 K (12 2.). " @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ @ 0 1 > B 0 5 B 2 0: B 8 2 = > < @ 5 6 8 < 5, > 1 5 A? 5 G 8 2 0 O C A 8; 5 = 8 5 A 8 3 = 0; 0. 5 1 >; L H > 9 = 0:; > =? >; > 3 > 3 > C G 0 A B: 0 > 1 C A; > 2; 5 = B 5 <, G B > A @ > A B > < EMBED Equation.3 C 2 5; 8 G 8 2 0 5 B A O? > B 5 = F 8 0; L = K 9 1 0 @ L 5 @ 7 0: @ K B > 3 >: >;; 5: B > @ = > 3 > @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0, @ 0 A H 8 @ O 5 B A O 5 3 > 7 0? 8 @ 0 N I 8 9 A; > 9 7 0 A G 5 B B >; I 8 = K 1 0 7 K. 1 >; 5 5 B > =: > 9 1 0 7 5 < 5 = L H 5 2 5 @ > O B = > A B L @ 5: > < 1 8 = 0 F 8 8,? > M B > < C 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 (, 0 7 = 0 G 8 B 8 EMBED Equation.3 C 2 5; 8 G 8 2 0 5 B A O.

5 7: > 5 C 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 5 B >: 0 EMBED Equation.3 = 0 III C G 0 A B: 5 E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: 8 2 K 7 K 2 0 5 B A O O 2; 5 = 8 5 < M; 5: B @ 8 G 5 A: > 3 >? @ > 1 > O.

E > 4 = > 9 2 >; L B 0 <? 5 @ = > 9 E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: > 9 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 = 0 7 K 2 0 5 B A O 7 0 2 8 A 8 < > A B L B >: 0 1 0 7 K EMBED Equation.3 > B = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O EMBED Equation.3 ,? @ 8? > A B > O = = > < = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 8 EMBED Equation.3 . @ 8 EMBED Equation.3 > 1 0? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 2 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 5 @ 0 1 > B 0 N B? > 4? @ O < K < = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 <.

" >: 8: >;; 5: B > @ 0 8 M < 8 B B 5 @ 0 A:; 0 4 K 2 0 N B A O 2 1 0 7 5. E > 4 = 0 O E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: 0 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0, 2 M B > < A; C G 0 5,? @ 5 4 A B 0 2; O 5 B A > 1 > 9 % 4 2 C E p-n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 > 2, 2:; N G 5 = = K E? 0 @ 0;; 5; L = >.

@ 8 EMBED Equation.3 : >;; 5: B > @ = K 9? 5 @ 5 E > 4 7 0: @ K 2 0 5 B A O. " @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @? 5 @ 5 E > 4 8 B 2 0: B 8 2 = K 9 @ 5 6 8 < @ 0 1 > B K. " >: 1 0 7 K 2 M B > < @ 5 6 8 < 5 >? @ 5 4 5; O 5 B A O 2 K @ 0 6 5 = 8 5 < (12.4). > M B > < C 2 E > 4 = 0 O E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: 0 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 A B @ > 8 B A O: 0:? @ O < 0 O 2 5 B 2 L % > 4 = > 3 > (M < 8 B B 5 @ = > 3 >)? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0.

7 0:; N G 5 = 8 5 = 5 > 1 E > 4 8 < > > B < 5 B 8 B L, G B > B >: 8 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 A 8; L = > 7 0 2 8 A O B > B B 5 <? 5 @ 0 B C @ K >: @ C 6 0 N I 5 9 A @ 5 4 K. - B > > 1 I 8 9 = 5 4 > A B 0 B >:? >; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: > 2 K E? @ 8 1 > @ > 2. @ 8 G 8 = 0 M B > 3 > = 5 4 > A B 0 B: 0 2 B > <, G B > A @ > A B > = F 5 = B @ 0 F 8 O A > 1 A B 2 5 = = K E = > A 8 B 5; 5 9 7 0 @ O 4 0 (? 0 @ K M; 5: B @ > = -4 K @: 0). > M B > < C B >: EMBED Equation.3 C 4 2 0 8 2 0 5 B A O A C 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 5 < 5 B > 3 >, A C 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 5 < 1 8 = 0 F 8 8 (4 5 D 5: B K: @ 8 A B 0;; 8 G 5 A: > 9 @ 5 H 5 B: 8)? > A B 5? 5 = = > 7 0? >; = O N B A O, 8 2 5 @ > O B = > A B L @ 5: > < 1 8 = 0 F 8 8 = > A 8 B 5; 5 9 2 1 0 7 5? 0 4 0 5 B, 0, 7 = 0 G 8 B,: > M D D 8 F 8 5 = B? 5 @ 5 4 0 G 8 B >: 0 1 0 7 K (C 2 5; 8 G 8 2 0 5 B A O. " 0: 8 < > 1 @ 0 7 > <,? @ 8 = 0 3 @ 5 2 5 = 0 20 (300! B >: EMBED Equation.3 < > 6 5 B 8 7 < 5 = 8 B L A O = 0 4 5 A O B: 8? @ > F 5 = B > 2.

4. >; 5 2 K 5 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ K

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‑ B M B 8 E = 5 4 > A B 0 B: > 2 A 2 > 1 > 4 = K? >; 5 2 K 5 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ K. 5; 8 G 8 = 0 B >: 0 M B > 3 > B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 C? @ 0 2; O 5 B A O M; 5: B @ 8 G 5 A: 8 <? >; 5 < 7 0: @ K B > 3 > @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0. > M B > < C B 0: > 9? @ 8 1 > @? @ 0: B 8 G 5 A: 8 = 5? > B @ 5 1; O 5 B B >: 8 7 2 E > 4 = > 9 F 5? 8.

>; 5 2 K 5 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ K? > 4 @ 0 7 4 5; O N B A O = 0 4 2 0 B 8? 0: A @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 > < 8 -B 8? 0. 0 7 @ 5 7 A B @ C: B C @ K? >; 5 2 > 3 > B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 A @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 > <? @ 8 2 5 4 5 = = 0 @ 8 A. 12.70.!; > 9? >; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: 0 A? @ > 2 > 4 8 < > A B L N @ -B 8? 0 = 0 7 K 2 0 5 B A O? @ > 2 > 4 O I 8 <: 0 = 0; > <. ‑ = 8 < 5 5 B 4 2 0 2 K E > 4 0 2 > 2 = 5 H = N N F 5? L: 8 A B >:,! A B >:.!; > 8? >; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: 0 A? @ > 2 > 4 8 < > A B L N n B 8? 0 A > 5 4 8 = 5 = K < 5 6 4 C A > 1 > 9 8 8 < 5 N B 2 K 2 > 4 2 > 2 = 5 H = N N F 5? L, = 0 7 K 2 0 5 < K 9 7 0 B 2 > @ > <. >; O @ = > A B L 2:; N G 5 = 8 O 8 A B > G = 8: > 2 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O? @ 8 2 5 4 5 = 0 = 0 @ 8 A. 12.70. 0 @ 8 A. 12.71? @ 8 2 5 4 5 = > A E 5 < = > 5 > 1 > 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ 0 A @: 0 = 0; > <, 0 = 0 @ 8 A. 12.72 A n: 0 = 0; > <.

> 3 4 0 C? @ 0 2; O N I 5 5 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 EMBED Equation.3 ? >: 0 = 0; C B 5 G 5 B B >:, 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5: > B > @ > 3 > 7 0 2 8 A 8 B > B = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O EMBED Equation.3 . - B 0 7 0 2 8 A 8 < > A B L? @ 8 2 5 4 5 = 0 = 0 @ 8 A. 12.73. 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 EMBED Equation.3 @ 0 2 = > < 5 @ = > @ 0 A? @ 5 4 5; 5 = >? > 4; 8 = 5: 0 = 0; 0. ‑ = > 2 K 7 K 2 0 5 B > 1 @ 0 B = > 5 A < 5 I 5 = 8 5 @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 > 2,? @ 8 G 5 < = 0 8 1 >; L H 5 5 > 1 @ 0 B = > 5 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5? @ 8; > 6 5 = >: > 1; 0 A B 8 A B >: 0, 0 2 > 1; 0 A B 8 8 A B >: 0? 5 @ 5 E > 4 K = 0 E > 4 O B A O 2 @ 0 2 = > 2 5 A = > < A > A B > O = 8 8 (@ 8 A.12.80).

0 @ 8 A.12.8 0,1 7 0 H B @ 8 E > 2 0 = = 0 O?; > I 0 4 L 8 < 8 B 8 @ C 5 B > 1; 0 A B L 7 0? 8 @ 0 N I 5 3 > A; > O @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0.

! C 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 5 < = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O EMBED Equation.3 > 1; 0 A B L 4 2 > 9 = > 3 > 7 0? 8 @ 0 N I 5 3 > A; > O C 2 5; 8 G 8 2 0 5 B A O (? C =: B 8 @ = 0 O; 8 = 8 O = 0 @ 8 A. 12.80), A C 6 0 O? @ > 2 > 4 O I 8 9: 0 = 0; 8 C 2 5; 8 G 8 2 0 O 5 3 > A >? @ > B 8 2; 5 = 8 5. > M B > < C 7 0 2 8 A 8 < > A B L EMBED Equation.3 8 < 5 5 B = 5; 8 = 5 9 = K 9 E 0 @ 0: B 5 @. @ 8 = 5: > B > @ > < 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 8 EMBED Equation.3 3 @ 0 = 8 F K @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 A < K: 0 N B A O 8 @ > A B B >: 0 EMBED Equation.3 ,? @ 8 4 0; L = 5 9 H 5 < C 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 8 EMBED Equation.3 ,? @ 5: @ 0 I 0 N B A O (? >; > 3 8 9 C G 0 A B >: E 0 @ 0: B 5 @ 8 A B 8: 8 @ 8 A.12.73).

# 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 5? >; > 6 8 B 5; L = > 3 > = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O = 0 7 0 B 2 > @ 5? @ 8 2 > 4 O B: 5 I 5 1 >; L H 5 < C @ 0 A H 8 @ 5 = 8 N 7 0? 8 @ 0 N I 5 3 > A; > O 7 0 A G 5 B? @ > 2 > 4 O I 5 3 >: 0 = 0; 0 (@ 8 A. 12.81). @ 5 7 C; L B 0 B 5: 0 = 0;,? @ > 2 > 4 O I 8 9 B >:, A C 6 0 5 B A O 8 B >: EMBED Equation.3 C < 5 = L H 0 5 B A O. ‑ G 5 2 8 4 = >, G B > A C I 5 A B 2 C 5 B B 0: > 5 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 EMBED Equation.3 ,? @ 8: > B > @ > : IC = 0. - B > 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 = 0 7 K 2 0 N B = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 < > B A 5 G: 8. " 0: 8 < > 1 @ 0 7 > <, 8 7 < 5 = O O = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 EMBED Equation.3 < > 6 = > C? @ 0 2; O B L 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 : 0 EMBED Equation.3 . @ 8 M B > < G 5 @ 5 7 F 5? L 7 0 B 2 > @ 0? @ > B 5: 0 5 B B >; L: > < 0; K 9 B 5?; > 2 > 9 B >: @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0.

5. " 8 @ 8 A B > @ K

" 8 @ 8 A B > @ M B >? >; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: > 2 K 9? @ 8 1 > @, A? > A > 1 = K 9? > 4 4 5 9 A B 2 8 5 < A 8 3 = 0; 0? 5 @ 5 E > 4 8 B L 8 7 7 0: @ K B > 3 > A > A B > O = 8 O 2 > B: @ K B > 5. ; 0 3 > 4 0 @ O M B > < C A 2 > 9 A B 2 C B 8 @ 8 A B > @ K? @ 8 < 5 = O N B A O 2 F 5? O E: > < < C B 0 F 8 8 2 K A >: 8 E < > I = > A B 5 9 8 8 <? C; L A = K E A E 5 < 0 E 8 = D > @ < 0 F 8 > = = > 9 M; 5: B @ > = 8: 8.

! B @ C: B C @ 0 B 8 @ 8 A B > @ 0 A > A B > 8 B 8 7 G 5 B K @ 5 E > 1; 0 A B 5 9? >; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: 0 A G 5 @ 5 4 C N I 8 < A O B 8? > < M; 5: B @ >? @ > 2 > 4 = > A B 8, = 0? @ 8 < 5 @ n-p-n-p 8; 8 p-n-p-n (@ 8 A. 12.90). B 0: > 9 A B @ C: B C @ 5 5 A B L B @ 8 2 K? @ O <; O N I 8 E p-n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 8 B @ 8 2 K 2 > 4 0. 0 @ 8 A. 12.91? >: 0 7 0 = > A E 5 < = > 5 > 1 > 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 B 8 @ 8 A B > @ 0, 3 4 5 0 = > 4, : 0 B > 4, # - C? @ 0 2; O N I 8 9 M; 5: B @ > 4.

0 A A < > B @ 8 <? @ > F 5 A A K,? @ > 8 A E > 4 O I 8 5 2 B 8 @ 8 A B > @ 5,? @ 8? @ O < > < 2:; N G 5 = 8 8 (?; N A: 0 = > 4 C, < 8 = C A :: 0 B > 4 C) 8 = C; 5 2 > < C? @ 0 2; O N I 5 < = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 8 EMBED Equation.3 .

@ 8 B 0: > < 2:; N G 5 = 8 8: @ 0 9 = 8 5 p-n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 K > B: @ K B K, 0 A @ 5 4 = 8 9 (1 0 7 > 2 K 9) 7 0: @ K B. > M B > < C = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 2 = 5 H = 5 3 > 8 A B > G = 8: 0 2 > A = > 2 = > <? 0 4 0 5 B = 0 1 0 7 > 2 > <? 5 @ 5 E > 4 5, 0 B 8 @ 8 A B > @? @ 5 4 A B 0 2; O 5 B A > 1 > 9 4 8 > 4? @ 8 > 1 @ 0 B = > < 2:; N G 5 = 8 8. > M B > < C 8? 5 @ 2 K 9 C G 0 A B >: % B 8 @ 8 A B > @ 0 (@ 8 A.12.92)? > E > 6 = 0 > 1 @ 0 B = C N 2 5 B 2 L % 4 8 > 4 0.

> 4 4 5 9 A B 2 8 5 <? @ 8; > 6 5 = = > 3 > = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 O 4 K @: 8 8 7 @ > 1; 0 A B 8 M < 8 B B 5 @ 0 8 = 6 5: B 8 @ C N B A O 2 n 1 0 7 C 8 2 B O 3 8 2 0 N B A O? >; 5 < 1 0 7 > 2 > 3 >? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 2 @ 1 0 7 C. 0; L = 5 9 H 5 < C? @ > 4 2 8 6 5 = 8 N 4 K @ >:? @ 5? O B A B 2 C 5 B = 5 1 >; L H > 9? > B 5 = F 8 0; L = K 9 1 0 @ L 5 @: >;; 5: B > @ = > 3 > @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0. > M B > < C G 0 A B L 4 K @ >: 7 0 4 5 @ 6 8 2 0 5 B A O 8, A: 0?; 8 2 0 O A L, > 1 @ 0 7 C 5 B 8 7 1 K B > G = K 9? >; > 6 8 B 5; L = K 9 7 0 @ O 4. - B > B 7 0 @ O 4? > = 8 6 0 5 B 2 K A > B C? > B 5 = F 8 0; L = K E 1 0 @ L 5 @ > 2 1 0 7 > 2 > 3 > 8: >;; 5: B > @ = > 3 >? 5 @ 5 E > 4 > 2, 0 B 0: 6 5 A? > A > 1 A B 2 C 5 B C 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 N 8 = 6 5: F 8 8 M; 5: B @ > = > 2 8 7 n- > 1; 0 A B 8: >;; 5: B > @ 0 2 @ > 1; 0 A B L 1 0 7 K.

>; 5? > B 5 = F 8 0; L = > 3 > 1 0 @ L 5 @ 0 7 0: @ K B > 3 > @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 1 0 7 K 2 B O 3 8 2 0 5 B M; 5: B @ > = K 2 n > 1; 0 A B L 1 0 7 K.!: 0?; 8 2 0 O A L, > = 8 B 0: 6 5 > 1 @ 0 7 C N B 8 7 1 K B > G = K 9 7 0 @ O 4, A = 8 6 0 N I 8 9? > B 5 = F 8 0; L = K 5 1 0 @ L 5 @ K M < 8 B B 5 @ = > 3 > 8 1 0 7 > 2 > 3 > @ -n? 5 @ 5 E > 4 > 2.

5; 8 G 8 = 0 8 7 1 K B > G = K E 7 0 @ O 4 > 2 2 1 0 7 > 2 K E > 1; 0 A B O E B 5 < 1 >; L H 5, 2 K A > B 0? > B 5 = F 8 0; L = > 3 > 1 0 @ L 5 @ 0 = 0 1 0 7 > 2 > <? 5 @ 5 E > 4 5 B 5 < < 5 = L H 5, G 5 < 1 >; L H 5 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 EMBED Equation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

0? @ 0: B 8: 5 2:; N G 0 B L B 8 @ 8 A B > @ "? > 0 = > 4 C " 4; O 1 >; L H 8 = A B 2 0 B 8? > 2 B 8 @ 8 A B > @ > 2 = 5 6 5; 0 B 5; L = > 8 7 -7 0 2 > 7 < > 6 = > 3 >? > 2 @ 5 6 4 5 = 8 O? @ 8 1 > @ 0. > M B > < C > 4 = C 8 7 1 0 7 > 2 K E > 1; 0 A B 5 9 A = 0 1 6 0 N B 2 K 2 > 4 > <, = 0: > B > @ K 9? > 4 0 N B C? @ 0 2; O N I 5 5 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 EMBED Equation.3 . > 4 0 2 0 O? >; > 6 8 B 5; L = > 5? > > B = > H 5 = 8 N:: >;; 5: B > @ C = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5, < > 6 = > @ 5 3 C; 8 @ > 2 0 B L A >? @ > B 8 2; 5 = 8 5 1 0 7 > 2 > 3 >? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0, 0 7 = 0 G 8 B 8 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 2:; N G 5 = 8 O (@ 8 A.9.2).

> A = > 2 = K <? 0 @ 0 < 5 B @ 0 @ > 2 > B = > A 8 B A O:

-= 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 2:; N G 5 = 8 O EMBED Equation.3 ;

-< 0: A 8 < 0; L = > 4 >? C A B 8 < K 9? @ O < > 9 B >:;

-< 8 = 8 < 0; L = K 9? @ O < > 9 B >: G 5 @ 5 7? @ 8 1 > @ 2 > B: @ K B > < A > A B > O = 8 8;

-C? @ 0 2; O N I 8 9 B >: > B? 8 @ 0 = 8 O;

-C? @ 0 2; O N I 5 5 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 5 > B? 8 @ 0 = 8 O;

-< 0: A 8 < 0; L = > 4 >? C A B 8 < 0 O < > I = > A B L 8 4 @.

" 8 @ 8 A B > @ K? > 7 2 >; O N B C? @ 0 2; O B L 1 >; L H 8 < 8 B >: 0 < 8. # = 5: > B > @ K E B 8? > 2 B 8 @ 8 A B > @ > 2 < 0: A 8 < 0; L = K 9? @ O < > 9 B >: 4 > A B 8 3 0 5 B 5000, 0 7 = 0 G 5 = 8 5 = 0? @ O 6 5 = 8 9 2 7 0: @ K B > < A > A B > O = 8 8 4 > 5: .

PAGE 87

EMBED Visio.Drawing.5

: 0 = 0;

>; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: > 2 K 5

M;.? @ 8 1 > @ K

5 A? 5 @ 5 E > 4 -

= K 5

! > 4 = 8 < p-n

? 5 @ 5 E > 4 > <

! 4 2 C < O 8

1 >; 5 5 p-n

? 5 @ 5 E > 4 0 < 8

= B 5 3 @ 0; L -

= K 5

< 8: @ > A E 5 < K

B 5 @ < > @ 5 7 8 A B > @ K

? > 7 8 A B > @ K

2 0 @ 8 A B > @ K

D > B > @ 5 7 8 A B > @ K

2 K? @ O < 8 B 5; L = K 5

A B 0 1 8; 8 B @ > = K

1 8? >; O @ = K 5

B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ K

2 0 @ 8: 0? K

A 2 5 B > 4 8 > 4 K

? >; 5 2 K 5

B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ K

B 8 @ 8 A B > @ K

D > B > B @ 0 = 7 8 A B > @ K

? >; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: > 2 K 5

3 8 1 @ 8 4 = K 5

4 >?

> 300 F

! '

30 < < 300 F

K A >: > 9 G 0 A B > B K

3 < < 30 F

! @ 5 4 = 5 9 G 0 A B > B K

3 F

8 7: > 9 G 0 A B > B K

> 1,5 B

>; L H > 9 < > I = > A B 8

0,3 < 1,5 B

! @ 5 4 = 5 9 < > I = > A B 8

0,3 B

0; > 9 < > I = > A B 8

M;.? @ 8 1 > @ K

>; C? @ > 2 > 4 = 8: > 2 K 5

: M

= 200 <:

= 100 <:

= 0

: 1 0

: M

= 0

: M

= 5

0,3

1 M

: M

8 A. 12.6

: 0 = 0;

8 A. 12.7

= 0,4

= 0,8

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