Matter and its construction

Matter and its construction	Matter and its characteristics Matter and energy Matter construction Atomic construction of matter
Energy	Energy transformations Energy, resources and forms Heat energy Under Line
Diversity and adaptation in living organisms	living organisms diversity and principles of their classification adapation and diversity of living organisms Adapation and continuity of life

Matter and its construction

Matter and its characteristics

* Matter is any thing that has mass and volume.
* Matter has many physical properties used to distinguish between each kind of matter as (color, odour, and taste).

Take care:
Don't use smell or taste to distinguish between matters inside lab.

Other properties of matter:
1- Density.
2- Hardness.
3- Melting and boiling points.
4- Thermal conductivity.
5- Electric conductivity.

* Density is the mass of unit volume of matter:
- Density = mass / volume.
- Unit of measuring mass is gram.
- Unit of measuring volume cm³.
- Unit of measuring density gm / cm³.

Density is a physical property for each matter:
Applications of density
1- Hydrogen balloons.
2- Detection of purity for each matter.

Note:
Petrol fires are not put off with water because petrol has low density and it floats on water surface.

Hardness:
Matter exist in many shapes have different degree of hardness soft as rubber or solid can be reshaped as metals or solid don't melt as coal.

Melting and boiling points:
- "Matter can exist in three states soli liquid and gas"
- Melting point: "the temperature at which matter changes from solid to liquid.
- Boiling point: "the temperature at which matter changes from liquid to gaseous state".

Thermal conductivity:
- Some substances are good conductors of heat as (metals).
- Some substances are bad conductors of heat as (wood-plastic).
- Conductors are used to make cooking pots (aluminum).
- Isolators (bad conductors) are used to make handles of cooking pots.

Electric conductivity:
- Some substances are good conductors of electricity as (metals).
- Some substances are bad conductors of electricity as (wood-plastic).
- Conductors are used to make electric wires (aluminum or copper).
Isolators (bad conductors) are used to cover electric cables.

Elements and chemical activity:
- Some elements are very active as (sodium, potassium).
- Some elements are active as (iron, magnesium).
- Some elements are inactive as (gold, silver and platinum).

Matter and energy

Matter construction

* Matter consists of molecules and molecules consist of atoms.
(the molecule) "is the smallest building unit of matter which can exist in Free state and keep the properties of matter".

Properties of molecules:
- Molecules of matter are in continuous motion.
- There are intermolecular spaces between molecules of matter.
- There are intermolecular attraction force between molecules of matter.

Note:
1- When we put a drop of ink in a glass of water, it spread because the molecules of matter are in continuous motion.
2- When we put 100 ml of water, then adding 100 ml of alcohol the total volume will be less than 200 ml because water contain inter molecular spaces.

States of matter:
- Matter exists in three states solid, liquids, and gaseous.
- Matter can be changed from one state to another by heating or cooling.

Melting:
Is the change of matter from solid state to liquid state by heating.

Evaporation:
Is the change of matter from liquid to gaseous by heating.

Condensation:
Is the change of matter from gaseous state to liquid state by cooling.

Freezing:
Is the change of matter from liquid state to solid state by cooling.

Kinds of molecules:
- Molecules are three kinds:
1- Elements.
2- Compounds.
3- Mixture.

The element:
Is the simplest from of matter which can't be analyzed chemically into simpler form.

* Element consists of the same kind of atoms:
- Compound consists of different atoms combined together by chemical bonds.
- Mixture consists of different atoms don't combine together by chemical bonds.

Molecules of elements exist in three states:
Solid as iron - copper - silver - gold - aluminium - sulpher - magnesium.
* Liquid (bromine and mercury).
* Gaseous (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, argon, neon, krypton, xenon, radon).
Note:
Some molecules of elements consist of one atom (mono atomic), others consist of two atoms (diatomic). *Ozone is the only gas that consists of three atoms (triatomic).
* Water molecule is a compound molecule consists of three atoms (two hydrogen and one oxygen).
* Table salt (sodium chloride) molecule is a compound molecule consists of two atoms (one sodium and one chlorine).
* Ammonia molecule is a compound molecule consists of four atoms (three hydrogen and one nitrogen).

Note:
Size of atoms and molecules is very small, so one drop of water contains millions of water molecules.

Atomic construction of matter

Energy Energy transformations

Energy transformations

Heat Energy:
- Heat is a form of energy.
- Heat transfers from an object of higher temperature to another of lower temperature.
- Heat transfer stops when the temperature of THE TWO OBJECTS becomes equal.

Heat Energy:
- It is a form of energy which transfers from the object of higher temperature to that of lower one.
- The sun is the main source of heat on the Earth's surface.
- If you rub your hands together for one minute you feel that your hands get warmer.
- Friction turns the mechanical energy into heat energy.
- The movement of particles and friction between them produce heat energy, by increasing the movement (increasing the kinetic energy), the temperature of particles increases.

The Temperature:
- It is the condition which states the direction of heat energy whether from or to the object when it comes in contact with another. It is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the particles.
- The temperature can be measured by using thermometers.
Methods of transferring heat through different media:
1. Conduction.
2. Convection.
3. Radiation

. 1) The transfer of heat by conduction:
- It is a method by which heat is transferred through solids from the part of higher temperature to that of lower temperature (without the transfer of the molecules of the substance).
- Cooking pans are made of copper and aluminum because they are good conductors for heat.

2) The transfer of heat by convection:
- It is a method by which heat is transferred through liquid and gases (by the movement of molecules).
- The heat is transferred by rising up the hot molecules (with less density) and falling down of the cold molecules (have more density).

On heating a liquid:
The molecules of the liquid move away from each other, so the liquid expands and its density decreases and become lighter, so it rises up to be replaced by cold liquid.

On heating air (gases):
Hot air (of low density) rises up and replace by cold air (of high density) which falls down.

Applications:
- Air conditioners are fixed at the upper part of the room.
- The freezer of the fridge is found at the top of the fridge.
- The eclectic heater is placed at the bottom of the room.

3) The transfer heat by radiation:
- It is a way by which heat is transferred through gases and space (it doesn't need any material medium to transfer through).
- The heat of the sun is not transferred by convection because the space between the sun and the atmosphere of Earth does not contain any matter through which heat could be transferred.

Heat in our life:
From the sources of heat energy:
- The solar energy (permanent source of energy).
- The petroleum fuel (non - renewable source of energy).
- The electricity (renewable source of energy).

Some examples of technological application which depend on heat energy:
- Electric heater: converts electric ENERGY into heat energy.
- Solar heater: converts solar energy into heat energy.
- Electric stove: converts electricity into heat energy.
- Gas stove (gas oven): converts chemical energy into heat energy.

Examples illustrate that the solar energy is essential for other forms of energy:
1- In plants, the solar energy is stored as chemical energy by the photosynthesis process.
2- In fuels as petroleum oil, the soar energy is stored as a chemical energy.
3- Solar energy is responsible for evaporation of water from seas, oceans and rivers to form clouds.
4- Solar energy is the reason for the movement of the wind which is used to generate electric energy.

Technological application on changing the solar energy into other forms of energy:
1- Producing electricity by using solar cells.
2- Providing satellites and space ships.
3- Operating solar heaters.
4- Desalination of sea water (to get fresh water)

Energy, resources and forms

Energy, resources and forms

Energy, Resources and forms:
- Energy is ability to do work or to make a change.
- Work is the force acting on a body at rest, so it moves a distance in the direction of such force.
Work (W) = Force (F) Ч displacement (d)
(Joule) (Newton) (Meter)

Forms of Energy:
1- Mechanical energy (potential energy + kinetic energy). As the energy stored in the stretched spring.
2- Electric energy.
3- Sound energy.
4- Light energy.
5- Chemical energy.
6- Heat energy.
7- Nuclear energy.

Resources of Energy:
1- The sun (permanent source of energy).
2- The wind (renewable source of energy).
3- Food and fuels (fuels are non - renewable source of energy).
4- Water falls (renewable source of energy).
5- Nuclear reactions (used to produce electric and heat energies).

The Mechanical Energy:
- It is the summation of potential and kinetic energy of the body.
- By decreasing the potential energy of the body, the kinetic energy increases and vice versa.

The Potential Energy:
- It is the stored energy in the object due to a work done on it.

Kinetic Energy:
- It is the work done during the motion of an object or due to a moving body.
Work done = Mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy.

Potential Energy:
Factors affecting the potential Energy:
1- Weight of the object.
- The potential energy of an object is directly proportional to its weight.
2- Height of the object from the ground.
- The potential energy of an object is directly proportional to its height from the ground.
Potential energy (P.E) = weight (W) Ч Height (h) = Mass (M) Ч 10 Ч Height (H)
(Joule) (Newton) (m) Kg m

Kinetic Energy:
Factors affecting the kinetic Energy:
1- Mass of the object.
2- Velocity of the object.
- Kinetic energy of a moving body is directly proportional to the square of its velocity.
- Kinetic energy of a moving body is directly proportional to its mass. Kinetic energy (K.E) = Ѕ Ч mass (m) Ч (velocity)² V²

Compare between potential energy and kinetic energy for an object:

Heat energy

Heat energy

Energy Transformations:
- Energy can change from one form into another.
- An object save its mechanical energy which alternates between potential energy and kinetic energy and this is known as "the conservation law of mechanical energy".

The conservation law of mechanical energy:
The sunm of potential and kinetic energies of an object under the effect of gravity is a constant value.

The conservation law energy:
Energy is neither created not destroyed, but it is converted from one form to another.

- When two different metals (zinc and copper) are dipped in an acidic solution (lemon juice), chemical energy changes into electric energy.
- The simple electric cell consists of an acidic solution dipped in it two different metals, so in the simple electric cell, chemical reactions convert chemical energy into electric energy.
- If a potato is used instead of the lemon (acidic solution) the electric current from the simple cell will be produced because potato has a salt solution to complete the reaction.
- In the electric lamp, the electric energy changes into light and heat energies.

Technological applications and changes of energy:
- A sewing machine converts electric energy into mechanical (kinetic energy).
- A torch converts chemical energy (stored in the battery) into light energy.
- A television converts electric energy into light and sound energies.
- An alarm clock converts chemical energy (stored in the battery into kinetic energy) (the movement of the hands) and sound energy.
- Washing machine converts electric energy into kinetic energy.
- Mobile phone converts electromagnetic energy into sound energy.

Energy and environment:
There are lots of damages due to some of the technological applications of energy changes such as:
1- Transportation means cause air pollution which causes chest and eye diseases.
2- Military weapons cause war and death.
3- Chemical pesticides damages and pollutes plants also cause chemical pollution of water, air and soil which causes cancer.
4- Nuclear weapons cause massive destruction and leave harmful effects behind them for a long time.
5- Mobile phones in which the networks cause harmful effects on people suffering from heart diseases (electromagnetic pollution).

Diversity and adaptation in living organisms living organisms diversity and principles of their classification

Classification of micro organisms - according to shape:
1- Ameoba moves by lying foots.
2- Paramecium moves by cillia.
3- Euglena moves by flagellum.

Taxonomy:
- The branch of biology searching for the similarities and differences among living organisms and placing the similar ones in groups according to a certain system.

Species:
- Is group of more similar living organisms in shape that can reproduce to give birth of new fertile individuals that are able to reproduce and therefore keeping the existance of the species.
- The first scientist who classifies living organisms to species was Linnaeus.

adapation and diversity of living organisms

adapation and diversity of living organisms

Adaptation:
Is a modification in living organisms or their body structure or even the biological function of their organs to become more adapted to the environmental conditions where they live in.

Reasons of adaptation:
1- Get food.
2- Escape from enemies.
3- Environmental conditions (in plants).

Types of adaptation:
1- Structural adaptation.(horse hoof, camel pad).
2- Functional adaptation.(sweat in humans, poison in snakes).
3- Behavioral adaptation. (bird migration).

4-

Adaptation in insectivorous plants:
They have the ability to absorb the nitrogenous substances to build proteins, so some parts are modified in order to pounce and digest insects.
Ex: Drosena, dieona and halophila.

Adapation and continuity of life

Adapation and continuity of life

- Living organisms that couldn't adapt to environmental changes they perished as what happens to Dinosaurs and Mammoth.
- The living organisms that could adapt with the environmental conditions succeeded in continuation of life.

Aquatic plant:
Ex: Elodea plant (weak roots, ribbon shape, leaves and sessile (neckless), elastic stem contain air chambers).

Desert plants:
Ex: Cactus, opuntia and calamagrostis.
" Well formed roots extended vertically or horizontally.
" Small sized leaves ribbon like and spiralled have less number of stomata.
" Short and strong stems to avoid strong wind.

Adaptation for hiding:
- Some animals can colour themselves with the dominant colors in the environment.
Ex: leaf- insect, stick insects, chameleon.

Camouflage:
Is the ability of some living organisms to be hidden from their enemies or to capture the preys in predator species.
- Camel is one of the most adapted animals to live in desert.
- Camel has plentiful number of lacrimal glands and long eye lashes that protect eye.
- Camel has small ear and covered with hair.
- Camel has fur differ in thickness.
- Camel has broad pad to ease moving in sand.
- Camel has froked upper lib and strong teeth.
- Camel stores fats in hump it can live for 3-4 months without eating any food.
- Temperature of camel's blood is not constant.
- Camel can drink 100 liters of water through 10 minutes it can live for a week without drinking.
- Camel can lose 250 % of its weight when food is not available.
- Camel is the desert ship.

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