À. 1. à; 2. b; 3. b; 4. ñ; 5. b; 6. b; 7. à; 8. à;

UNIT1

Exercise 2.

À. 1. à; 2. b; 3. b; 4. ñ; 5. b; 6. b; 7. à; 8. à;

Â. 1. b; 2. b; 3. à; 4. ñ; 5. b; 6. b; 7. ñ; 8. à; 9, ñ; 10. b

Exercise 3.

1. The time when the theory of civilizations was

worked out (the 1920s).

2. One basic characteristic of civilizations of the antiquity.

3. The Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek and Roman peoples.

Exercise 4.

1. true 2. false 3. false 4. not mentioned in the text 5. true 6. true 7. not mentioned in the text 8,

not mentioned in the text 9. not mentioned in the text

Exercise 5.

William the Conqueror: 1. c; 2. b

King John: 1. b; 2. a

King Charles II: 1. b; 2. a

Exercise 6.

a) 1. — B; 2. — C; 3. — E; 4. — D 5. — extra; 6. — A;

b) 1. - A; 2. - B; 3. - E; 4. - D; 5. — Ñ

Exercise 7.

1) — c; 2) — a; 3) — b

Exercise 8.

Egypt, Rome, Greece, Egypt, Greece, Egypt, Rome,Rome, Egypt

Exercise 9.

1) the cradle of civilization

2) deserves a special mention

3) a unique and self-contained culture

4) ancient monuments have been preserved

5) artefacts

6) a source of wonder

7) the soil very rich with silt

8) silt

9) sails and ropes

10) allowed them to make their diet more varied

11) had a lasting influence

12) heel

13) dipped him in the water

14) to protect from deadly wounds

15) warriors

16) keen politicians

17) elders

18) expanded their power

19) the gulf between the rich and the poor

20) gave rise

21) civil wars

Exercise 11.

1. c; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. ñ

Exercise 13.

1. Our ancestors spent most of their time hanging around. They were not engaged in any kind of

organized labour.

2. They waited for history to begin ~ They lived in prehistoric times.

3. They ate what stumbled right in front of them. They ate what they could find, and didn't grow

any kind of fruit or vegetables specifically.

4. Unlike their posh relatives in the south of France and Spain they didn't even try to cheer up

their caves by painting... In the caves of prehistoric people in the British Isles wall paintings

were not found.

5.... daft-looking animals (on the walls)...primitive wall paintings of prehistoric times usually

depicted animals or scenes of hunting...

Exercise 14.

Text 1: scruffy, a lazy lot, to hang around, posh,daft-looking, to be at a loose end, to stumble in

front of sb, to drive sb crazy, to turn up, to give (take) a century, poor old Britons, pretty useless.

Text 2: life went smoothly, bone-headed locals, to mill around, crude Celts. The introduction of

such words into serious scientific texts produces a humorous effect.

Exercise 15.

A. 1. Where does Mr Ross live, don't know,think, lives

2. Does John smoke? touches, becomes

3. melts

4. don't usually eat, am eating, see

5. keeps, doesn't work

6. are saying, am speaking, don't understand, are not following

7. Are you getting, am getting

8. live/are living

9. are you meeting, am meeting

10. thinks

11. am thinking

12. is having, are having

13. Does usually have, has, doesn't have

14. Do... work?

B. 1. will/shall see, will/shall be

2. will/shall stop and ask

3. doesn't change, will/shall be

4. arrives, will come

5. will take, rains

6. will return

7. will return

8. returns, will definitely help

9. will agree

10. will go, snows

11. will finish

12. will help

13. repairs

C. 1. are having, will you come

2. will give

3. is leaving

4. is playing

5. will keep

6. will learn

7. will arrive/is arriving, we'll meet

8. will take/is taking

9. will come, will you send

10. are you doing,will you join

11. will/shall rewrite it.

Exercise 16.

1. Ôðåä ïîñòîÿííî ïðèõîäèò â øêîëó ñ íåâûïîëíåííûìè äîìàøíèìè çàäàíèÿìè.

2.Áîá âñåãäà íåàêêóðàòíî âåäåò ìàøèíó.

3. Íàì ñêàçàëè, ÷òî ìû ïðîâåäåì ëåòî íà ïîáåðåæüå.

4. ß ñëûøàëà, ÷òî Ôèîíà ïåðååçæàåò â îâóþ êâàðòèðó.

5. ß çàáûëà, ÷òî êóçèíà (ìîÿ äâîþðîäíàÿ ñåñòðà) Ìýðè ïðèåçæàåò çàâòðà óòðîì.

6. Ëîðíà âñåãäà "ðèñóåòñÿ».

7. Æåíà Äýâèäà ïîñòîÿííî ïîêóïàåò äîðîãóþ îäåæäó.

8. Ìû ñëûøàëè, ÷òî Ëþñè âûõîäèò çàìóæ.

Exercise 17.

1. is sailing 2. sails 3. is coming 4. is..writing 5. leaves, does the concert begin 7.are playing

8 am getting 9. is always forgetting 10.is always fighting 11. are having

Exercise 18.

1. -, the, the 2. a, the, the, the, —/the 3. the, the 4. the/a 5.the, a 6.the, the, the, the 7. —, the, the

8. a, a, the, a 9. a, — 10. the, a, the, the 11. a, the 12. the, the

Exercise 19.

1. the 2. the 3. a 4. the 5.-6. a 7. the 8. a 9. the 10. a 11. an 12. the 13. the 14. the 15. the 16.

The 17. the 18. the 19. the 20. the 21. - 22. an 23. the

Exercise 20.

1. an 2. a 3. the 4. the 5. the 6. the 7. the 8. the 9. a 10. a

Exercise 21.

1. Speak to Mr Baker, head of our delegation.

2. Meet Captain Newman, our new colleague.

3. The Prime Minister is making a speech at ten o'clock tomorrow.

4. Professor Piotrovskyi, director of the Hermitage, lives in St. Petersburg.

5. Who will be chairman of Monday's conference?

6. Vladimir Putin was selected president of Russia twice.

7.Andrew became leader of his party in 2004.

8. James Monroe was the 5th president of the United States.

9. M. Gorbachev was the first and the last president of the USSR.

10. Thanks to the changes in our country Western people learned Russian words "glasnost" and

"perestroika".

11. Elizabeth I was the last Tudor queen of England.

12. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 13.

Charles de Gaulle was a French general. He became President of France in 1958. 14. Charles II,

King of Britain, was a wise ruler.

15. Julius Caesar, emperor of Rome, was a military genius.

Exercise 22.

1. in, on 2. in 3. at 4. — 5. at 6. at 7. at, — 8. in 9. on 10. at 11. in 12. at 13. in 14. —15. at

16. by 17. for, on 18.on 19. in, at 20. on 21. in

Exercise 23.

A. 1. during 2. during 3. for 4. during 5. for 6. during 7. for 8. for 9. during, for 10. for,

during

Â. 1. in 2. on 3. in 4. on 5. in 6. on 7. in 8. on 9. on 10. in

C. 1. at 2. at 3. in 4. at 5. in 6. in 7. at 8. in 9. at 10. in

D. 1. on 2. — 3. — 4. in 5. on 6. in 7. — 8. on 9. on 10. in

E. 1. after 2. afterwards 3. after 4. after 5. afterwards 6. After 7. afterwards 8. afterwards 9.

afterwards 10. after, afterwards

Exercise 24.

1. b, a; 2. b, a; 3. b, a; 4. a, b; 5. a, b; 6. a, b 7. b, a; 8. b, a; 9. b, a; 10. b, a; 11. b, a; 12. a, b

Exercise 25.

1. first 2. northern 3. powerful 4. visited 5.was promised 6. relative 7. childless 8. himself 9.

quickly 10. invading 11. himself 12. had conquered 13. (had) become 14. greatest 15. western

16. descendants

Exercise 26.

1. d; 2. c; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. c; 7. a; 8. a

Exercise 27.

1. up 2. up 3. out 4. on 5. up 6. at 7. up 8.at 9. up 10. on

Exercise 28.

1. Older children often pick on younger children (ones).

2. The parents picked out the name for their newborn baby.

3. My cousin picked up some Italian after his three months' stay in Italy.

4. The bus stopped to pick up two passengers.

5. The children were picking at the food on their plates.

6. We walked along the beach picking up pebbles and shells.

7. He went there to pick up the/some information.

8. I pick up my daughter from school

9. Jenny is always picking (always picks) on me.

10. He picked out the best for himself.

Exercise 31.

1) efficient 2) contemporary 3) an establishment 4) an opportunity 5) contemporaries 6)

available 7) to contribute 8) to be aware 9) to establish 10) rapid 11) to record 12) to

achieve 13) to benefit 14) beneficial 15) subsequent 16) capture

Exercise 32.

1. available 2. rapid 3. benefited 4. established 5. efficient 6. aware 7. achievements 8.

contemporary 9. generations 10. contributed 11. recorded 12. achieved 13. opportunity 14.

establishment 15. beneficial 16. gradually

Exercise 33.

a) Rapid change (progress, increase, growth) Contemporary writer (view, events, music)

Efficient secretary (staff, helper, machine) Available ticket (dictionary, equipment, ingredients)

Subsequent event (interview, generation)

b) To record a speech (melody, concert, events)

To be aware of some facts (ideas, sb's presence, sb's views)

To benefit from the medicine (agreement, project)

To establish relations (a company, a committee, a college)

To contribute money (articles, time, goods)

To achieve a success (victory, independence)

Exercise 34.

1. to 2. of 3. to 4. for 5. of 6. in, of 7. to 8. with 9. from 10. -

Exercise 35.

1—7, 2—10, 3—11, 4—5, 6—9, 8-12

Exercise 37.

1. Tom wasn't aware that his elder sister was watching him.

2. Strawberries become available in early summer.

3. Marie and Pierre Curie achieved fame as scientists.

4. The people of the village contributed food and clothing to the refugee family.

5. Chekhov's contribution to Russian literature is really great.

6. A department store, a school, a hospital, a business centre are establishments.

7. My parents call me and my friends the younger generation.

8. You should go and see this film if you get the opportunity.

9. The school promises rapid results in language learning.

10. The song was recorded, not live. (The song was performed in recording, not live.)

11. John recorded the score of the match in a notebook.

12. There are still a few seats available for the game.

13. I know what contributed to her success as a ballet dancer.

14. The college established a new course for students interested in computers.

15. Michael took the opportunity of visiting the National Gallery while he was in London.

Exercise 38.

1. Åå äâèæåíèÿ áûëè áûñòðûìè è òî÷íûìè.

2. Äàâàé áûñòðî ïðîñìîòðèì äîêóìåíòû.

3. Áûñòðî ïðîâåäè ãîñòåé ïî äîìó.

4. Íå âåäè ìàøèíó òàê áûñòðî, äîðîãà ïîêðûòà ëüäîì.

5. Â Êèòàå ýòî áûëî âðåìÿ áûñòðûõ ïåðåìåí.

6. Ìíå ïðèøëîñü áûñòðî ïðèíÿòü ðåøåíèå.

7. Ïîñëå îïåðàöèè îíà áûñòðî âûçäîðîâåëà.

8. Íîâûé ëåòàòåëüíûé àïïàðàò ëåòàåò ïî÷òè â äâà ðàçà áûñòðåå ñòàðîãî.

9. Ìû ñâèäåòåëè áûñòðûõ èçìåíåíèé â ìèðå êîìïüþòåðíîé òåõíèêè.

10. Âîò ýòî ñêîðîñòü! Òû óæå çàêîí÷èë?

11. ß áûñòðåíüêî ïðèìó äóø.

12. Îí î÷åíü áûñòðî õîäèò.

13. Ñ óòðà ìû íåíàäîëãî ñúåçäèëè â ãîðîä.

14. Îíà òàê áûñòðî ãîâîðèò. ß íå ïîíèìàþ åå.

15. Íàñåëåíèå îáåñïîêîåíî áûñòðûì óâåëè÷åíèåì âîåííûõ ðàñõîäîâ.

16. Îí áûñòðî âûõâàòèë îðóæèå èç êàðìàíà.

17. Êîãäà îòïðàâëÿåòñÿ ñêîðûé ïîåçä äî Ëèâåðïóëÿ?

18. Óñêîðåííîå îáó÷åíèå: âûó÷è íîâûé ÿçûê çà 12 íåäåëü.

Exercise 39.

1. — å; 2. — b; 3. — f; 4. — h; 5. — g; 6. — d;7. — à; ñ — extra

Exercise 40.

1. use of stones as weapons, tools, use of fire, use of metals, invention of the wheel, creation of

metal weapons

2. learning to capture and tame animals; planting crops, gathering seeds from wild plants,

making tools (ploughs) for breaking up the ground

3. writing (turning drawings into letters), counting (cattle and sheep), earliest forms of

arithmetic, writing to record the language

4. the invention of printing, spread of books among a lot of people, writing of many books,

discoveries of new lands, animals and plants

5. the inventions of the Industrial Revolution — steam engine, condenser, piston; manufactures,

machinery. 6.machinery, manufacture of cars, appearance of lorries, buses, airplanes

7. atomic energy nuclear weapons, inventions of television, computers, spacecraft, genetic

engineering

Exercise 41.

a) 1) to culminate in sth 2) spread of ideas 3) groundwork 4) to slow down 5) to be associated

with sth 6)on a large scale 7) to own books 8) to be filled with sth 9)wealthy 10)in its turn

b) 1. I associate summer with holidays. 2.Could you slow down, please? 3. The book is filled

with references to the era of the Renaissance. 4. The World War II culminated in Germany's

surrender. 5....a privilege of the wealthy. 6.... the Church owned a lot of lands.7. These

preliminary talks laid the groundwork for the meeting between the two leaders. 8.... discoeries

are made on a large scale.

Exercise 42.

1. cactuses 2.formulae 4. appendixes 7.ganeuses 8.antennas

Exercise 43.

1. historic 2. historic/historical 3. historical 4.historical 5. historic 6. historical 7.

historic/historical 8. History, historic 9. history 10. historical, historic 11. historic 12. historical

Exercise 47.

A. 1) - f; 2) - b; 3) — a; 4) — c; 5) — d; 6)-e

B. 1) - c; 2) - e; 3) - d; 4) - b; 5) - a

C. 1) - d; 2) - a; 3) - b; 4) - c; 5) - e; 6) - f

Exercise 49.

14th century-suit of armor- spear-sword-shield

17th century-cannon – musket-helmet-gunpowder

20th century-automatic rifle-machine gun-tank- mine(early)

20th century (late)ballistic-nuclear and-jet aircraft-aicraft

missiles-H-bomb-carrier

Exercise 54.

1. Vikings 2. Spartans 3. Indians

Exercise 55.

b) Referring certain events to bright or dark pages of history is very subjective. Usually all

periods of wars are referred to dark pages of history, epochs of great discoveries, technological

progress, achieving consensus on disputed problems traditionally may be regarded as bright

pages of history.

Exercise 56.

1. Ñ÷àñòëèâà òà ñòðàíà, ó êîòîðîé íåò èñòîðèè.

2. Åñëè õî÷åøü ìèðà, ãîòîâüñÿ ê âîéíå.

3. Èç ïóøêè ïî âîðîáüÿì.

4. Ëþáè ñâîåãî ñîñåäà, íî íå ñíîñè çàáîð.

5. Ïåðî ñèëüíåå ìå÷à.

6. Èñòîðèÿ ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ.

7. Âñå ÷åñòíî â ëþáâè è íà âîéíå.

Exercise 59.

a) four hundred and thirty-two; one thousand five hundred and eighty-three, one thousand one

hundred and eighty-four, one hundred and eighty-four thousand one hundred and three; one

million eight hundred and thirty-two thousand seven hundred and sixty-five, three million one

thousand one hundred and ninety-two, four million nine hundred and thirty-one thousand one

hundred and eighty-seven, five hundred and forty-one thousand one hundred and sixty-four, one

hundred and ninety-two, one thousand one hundred and eleven, three million nine hundred and

seventy-one thousand five hundred and seven

b) 1. one thousand one hundred and twenty-one

2. nineteen oh nine

3. two thousand, two thousand (and) one

4. three, nil

5. zero, thirty-two

6. two hundred and six

7. three oh one, double five, double five

8. zero, nought

9. seven double oh, eight three nine, one five two six

10. seven eight four, oh nine three, six five

11. five hundred million, five hundred million, a billion

Exercise 61.

do's: b, ñ, å

don'ts: a, d, f, g

UNIT2

Exercise 2.

1. c; 2. c; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. b; 7. b; 8. b; 9. c;10. A

Exercise 3.

1) - a; 2) - b; 3) — c; 4) - f; 5) - d; 6) — e

Exercise 4.

1. for and against 2. political 3. how to spend money 4. remembered 5. government 6. 1858 7.

newspapers 8. Presidency 9. a hundred 10. 1960 11. for the first time in history 12. John

Kennedy 13. Vice-President 14. Kennedy

Exercise 5.

Socrates — c, e, g; Plato — a, d; Aristotle — b, f

Exercise 6.

1. false 2. true 3. true 4. not mentioned in the text 5. false 6. true 7. true 8. not mentioned in the

text 9. false 10. not mentioned in the text

Exercise 7.

1. — D; 3. — C; 4. — A; 5. — B; 2. — extra

Exercise 8.

1. — C; 2. — E; 3. - F; 4. - B; 5. — D; A - extra

Exercise 9.

1. d; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c; 6. c; 7. d; 8. b

Exercise 10.

1) to challenge the old beliefs 2) to banish the evils and hardships 3) fictitious 4) community 5)

to proclaim superiority of one person over another 6) leisured or idle 7) by compulsion 8)

incurable 9) to be honored 10) belongings

Exercise 11.

1. In the Renaissance period Latin had an advantage over the rest of the languages.

2. He refused to accept King Henry VIII as the head of the church iff England, didn't approve

the king's divorce (as the Catholic church doesn't usually allow it).

3. In the Russian language the word "utopia" has several meanings:

1) an imaginary place or situation in which everything in society is perfect

2) unrealistic plans

3) a type of books or films about ideal imaginary societies. In English it means "an imaginary

place or situation in which everything in society is perfect".

4. In the form of a dialogue. Because people express their own ideas they can ask each other

questions, argue on certain points and thus get a very complete

description of the topic involved.

5. Division into social classes inequality of rights (ranks), superiority of one person over

another which led to envy, hate, selfish ambition and strife, idle classes

changing people's views by compulsion, marriages of convenience existence of tyrants.

9. Anti-utopia is a book or a film about an imaginary society where an individual doesn't matter

and all the power is in the hands of a group or a person/creature and where people are oppressed.

Sample books where anti-utopian societies were

described are "We" (by Zamyatin), "1984" (by George Orwell) "The Brave New World" (by

Aldous Huxley).

Exercise 12.

A. 1. tried/was trying, was not, was helping

2. arrived, were having

3. didn't you do, was visiting

4. was happening walked

5. did you do

6. was surfing, found

7. could, was hiding

8. didn't hear, was sleeping

9. was walking, began

10. was sleeping

11. was telling, fell, closed, left

12. was wearing

13. were quarrelling, came

14. was, was sparkling, were singing

B. 1. have heard

2. haven't attended, came

3. caught, has been

4. has played

5. has arrived

6. has drawn, drew

7. have you bought, told, when did you buy

8. has sewn

9. have known, got were

10. saw, has never seen

11. has worn, bought, wore

12. has just phoned

13. were

14. has transformed

Ñ 1. have had

2. have been doing, have been looking

3. have you been running

4. have known

5. have I done

6. have been renting

7. have owned, has always been

8. have been calling, have you been

9. has been staying

10. has broken, has been playing

11. Has the taxi arrived, have been waiting

12. have been working, has got

13. have you been crying

14. have heard

Exercise 13.

1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a;9. b; 10. b; 11. b; 12. b; 13. b; 14. b

Exercise 14.

1. — 2. the 3. — 4. — 5. the 6. the 7. the 8. The 9. —, the 10.- 11. the/— 12. a, the 13. a 14.

a 15. —

Exercise 15.

1. a 2. the 3. a 4. —5. —6. —, — 7. a, a 8. a 9. - 10. a 11. a 12. - 13. the 14. - 15. a/-

Exercise 16.

1. at 2. in 3. in 4. on, at 5. in 6. at 7. at 8. at

9. in, in 10. at 11. at 12. at 13. in 14. at 15. at, at

Exercise 17.

1. I can't sleep on a train or on a bus even if I'm on a long journey.

2. All the seats on the plane were occupied.

3. Sam usually goes to the market in his car, he doesn't walk there.

4. We were doing (did) crosswords and were playing (played) various games on the train.

5. It is not usually allowed to have a smoke (to smoke) on planes.

6. People most often go in a taxi (go by taxi) when they are late (for some place).

7. That day there were a lot of passengers on the train.

8.I like driving in a car when the streets are not very busy (the traffic is not very heavy).

9. I'll look through these papers (notes) on the train on my way to the interview.

10. There was a doctor on the bus. It was he who helped the elderly woman.

Exercise 18.

1. as, as 2. as 3. like 4. like 5. as 6. like 7. like 8. as 9. as 10. like

Exercise 19.

1. b, a; 2. a, b; 3. b, a; 4. b, a; 5. b, a, c; 6. a, a, b; 7. a, b; 8. b, a; 9. b, a; 10. a, b; 11. b, a; 12.

a, b; 13. b, a; 14. b, a; 15. a, b

Exercise 20.

1. getting 2. going 3. later 4. ate/was eating 5. meetings 6. throughout 7. advisors 8. to

make 9. the best 10. saw 11. discoveries 12. improvements 13. education 14. employment 15.

democracy 16. freedom

Exercise 21.

1. a; 2. c; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 6. c; 7. d; 8. a

Exercise 22.

1. down 2. out 3. down 4. in 5. off 6. down 7. in 8. out 9. up 10. off 11. down on 12. off l3.

off 14. out 15. up 16. Down

Exercise 23.

1. Let's cut up the chicken before serving it.

2. The article was yellow with age. Someone had cut it out of a newspaper many years before.

3. It would be nice to cut down the working day to six hours.

4. You can cut the sleeves off the jacket and wear it again.

5. At last he managed to cut down cigarettes to three (a day).

6. Steve kept silent most of the time and only cut in two or three times.

7. It's time for people to think how they can cut down the electricity they use.

8. The notice was made up of letters cut out of a magazine.

9. Cut up the vegetables, mix them and add some oil.

10. When she became 16, she cut off her plaits.

11.I think he feels cut off from his friends.

Exercise 26.

1. aim

2. united

3. shortcomings

4. ñîmprises

5. proposal

6. signify

7. emerged

8. flourishing

9. revealed

10. identify

11. inherit

12. restrict(ed)

13. significance

14. deal

Exercise 27.

1....were dramatic

2....was a case of emergency

3....of the various shortcomings

4....emerged from the lake

5....united

6....your proposal

7....had foreseen the future

8....open to corruption

9....aim

10....discontented

11...comprised

12....to restrict your social life

13....initial letter

14....can reveal this fact (to everybody)

15....deals with

Exercise 28.

1) - c; 2) - f; 3)-j; 4) - h; 5) - a; 6)- e/n 7)-i; 8)-d; 9) - g; 10) -b; 11) —k; 12) - m; 13) -p;

14)-î; 15) -1; 16) – q

Exercise 29.

Corrupt (a) — êîððóìïèðîâàííûé;

corrupt(v) — ïîäêóïàòü;

initials — èíèöèàëû;

aimless — áåñöåëüíûé

flourishing — ïðîöâåòàþùèé;

inheritance — íàñëåäñòâî;

revelation — îòêðîâåíèå;

restriction — îãðàíè÷åíèå;

united — îáúåäèíåííûé, ñîåäèíåííûé.

Exercise 30.

1) — g; 2) - ñ; 3) - f; 4) - h; 5) - e; 6)-b 7) - d; 8) – a

Exercise 31.

A. 1) âûíóæäåííàÿ ïîñàäêà

2) ÷ðåçâû÷àéíûå ïîëíîìî÷èÿ

3) íåïðèêîñíîâåííûé çàïàñ

4) çàïàñíîé âûõîä

5) ÷ðåçâû÷àéíàÿ ñåññèÿ êîíãðåññà

Â.1) ÿñíàÿ

2) ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ

3) àìáèöèîçíàÿ

4) îáùàÿ

5) äîñòîéíàÿ

6) äîëãîâðåìåííàÿ öåëü

Ñ. 1) ïðèíÿòü

2) íàìåòèòü

3) âûäâèíóòü

4) ïîääåðæàòü

5) îòâåðãíóòü

6) îáñóäèòü ïðåäëîæåíèå

Exercise 32.

à) 1. join 2. unite 3. join (up) 4. join 5. join (up) 6. united 7. join 8. united 9. join 10. join

b) 1. England and Scotland united in 1707.

2. Why don't you join us for dinner tonight?

3. I think in the modern world it is important to unite and not to divide people.

4. Oil and water will not unite

5. Wendy left her office and went to the cinema to join her friends there.

6. Do you mind if I join you?

7. When did the two parties unite?

8. Julia wants to join the army which I can't understand.

9. We would like to welcome everybody who has joined the cruise today.

10. Are you sure that these parties have united?

11. Where do the two streams join?

12. Andrew joined us for a walk.

13.I think I will join the club of young ecologists.

14. Paul is a member of a football team now, he joined it not long ago.

Exercise 33.

1. Meeting at supper they always talked about politics.

2. A lot of newspapers write about home (domestic) and foreign policy of states and about

recent events in the world.

3. I don't know much about her politics, we've never discussed them.

4. I hope that all countries will pursue a policy of peace.

5. My friend would like to go into politics (professionally).

6. The policy of our company is to develop international cooperation.

7. Honesty is the best policy.

8. In this university they do politics, economics and law.

9. I think you should work out your own policy on this question.

10. Politics makes a serious influence on every person's life but we seldom think about it.

11. Politics has/have never interested me.

12. She wants to go into politics.

13. The nationalization of industries is not government policy.

Exercise 35.

a) 3. 6. 5. 1. 4. 2. 7.

Exercise 36.

1. a country comprising 15 republics

2. he approached the problems

3. to encourage popular debate

4. at first such policies were welcomed

5. a summit

6. cooperation

7. dramatic cuts to nuclear weapons

8. the proposals were not ignored

9. bitter fighting

10. the countries got greater autonomy

11. Charter

Exercise 37.

1) badly needed reform

2) to introduce two new policies

3) to identify those areas that needed reform

4) deep-rooted problems

5) to solve problems

6) to have an effect on relations

7) a superpower

8) a summit

9) the proposals were not ignored

10) troops were removed

11) the effects were dramatic

12) as travel restrictions eased

13) decision to open the border... had been made

14) symbol of the divide

15) countries representing the old divide

Exercise 38.

a) 1) a great deal of work (ice cream, water)

2) a great number of chances (theatres, problems)

Exercise 39.

1. much more

2. much more

3. many more

4. many more

5. many more

6. much more

7. much more

8. many more

9. many more

10. much more

Exercise 40.

A. 1. Jane brought him the very book he (had) wanted to buy.

2. He is a member of the very political organization I have been speaking about. 3. Hob is the

very DJ (disc jockey) who you liked at the disco yesterday.

4. Suddenly in the crowd I saw the very lad who was wanted by the police.

Â. 1. I've got many/far more French videos than you.

2. Mrs Prim is much/far younger than Mrs Davidson.

3. Far/Many more children have seen the Harry Potter films than you say.

4. With each year far/many more young people want to get higher education.

5. Charles Snow is a far/much more famous politician than Greg Hardy.

6. There exist many/far more species of this plant than you have mentioned.

Exercise 43.

1) to this end

2) aspire to something

3) cooperate or unite efforts

4) to seek to do something

5) to pledge

6) generations to come

7) to ban

8) to violate the right

Exercise 44.

1. civilian

2. refugee

3. hostage

4. prisoner of war

5. treaty

6. negotiations

7. conference

8. summit

9. sovereignty

10. integrity

11. right

Exercise 45.

1) a lasting peace

2) to aspire to peace

3) to sign a treaty

4) international security

5) to gradually eliminate

6) weapons of mass destruction

7) to settle local conflicts

8) troubled areas

9) to ease tension(s)

10) to encourage governments

11) to recognize a right

12) to declare a right

13) to provide a right

14) to implement a right

15) to violate/abuse a right

16) fair treatment

17) to complain about sth

Exercise 46.

1. economic 2. economical 3. economic 4.economical

5. economical 6. economic 7. economic 8. economic

9. economical 10. economical

Exercise 50.

1. How old are you? Where are you from?

2. How early did you begin to take interest in peace movement?

3. Why did you take part in anti-war movement? (What was your

reason for...?)

4. Are there any other reasons?

5. In what way do you participate in peace movement?

6. Are you against any wars?

Exercise 60.

1. their place 2...., do they? 3. with their own 4. themselves 5. their own lunch 6. their own

key 7...., shouldn't they?

Exercise 62.

108 Clayton Street 2) Love, Sandy 3) Mike Larsen 4) Dear Uncle Dave 5) Sincerely,

Lou Martin 6) 516 River Road 7) March 12, 2005 8) Love, Nancy

UNIT3

Exercise 4.

1. true 2. false 3. not mentioned in the text 4. true 5. false 6. false 7. false 8. not mentioned in the

text 9. true 10. true 11. false 12. not mentioned in the text

Exercise 6.

1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b

Exercise 7.

1. — E; 2. — Ñ; 3. — A; 4. — D; 6. — B, 5. — extra

Exercise 8.

1. - B; 2. - C; 3. - D; 4. - E; 5. - A; F. - extra

Exercise 9.

1. c; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b

Exercise 10.

1) problem facing today's teenagers

2) survey

3) a telephone helpline

4) causes of anxiety

5) to fall out with somebody

6) spokesperson

7) to seriously affect mental health

8) message 9) to rely on somebody

10) can be devastating

11) to be a thing of the past

12) to access the site

13) the pull of old friendship is enormous

Exercise 12.

A. 1. had been 2. Have you read 3. had walked 4. have you been 5. had finished/finished 6. have

become 7. had read 8. had selected 9. had stolen 10. Has Mrs Boxel arrived?, had arrived, have

you come 11. had broken 12. have waited 13. Have you had 14. have known, have been B. 1.got,

had already started 2. had just sat, asked 3. had arrived/arrived, had 4. had left/left, began 5.

gave, had had 6. reached, had closed 7. got, had known 8. looked, had slept 9. said, had been 10.

didn't learn, was, had already won 11. was, had not called 12. came, had forgotten 13. bought 14.

walked, burst 15. had shut C. 1. will/shall take 2. will/shall be 3. would be 4. will snow 5. would

send 6. will/shall stop 7. will understand 8, would be 9. would win 10. will/shall work 11. will

give 12. would not spend 13. would have to 14. will/shall leave, (will/shall) enter 15. will be able

Exercise 14.

1. when 2. than 3. when 4. than 5. when 6. than 7. when 8. than

Exercise 15

1. Hardly had the sun risen when the first passers-by appeared on the road.

2. Scarcely had we entered the shop when I noticed the blue blouse I was (had been) dreaming

about.

3. No sooner had the travellers got to town than it got dark.

4. Hardly had James seen the letter when he understood everything.

5. I was telling my brothers what had happened to me. Scarcely had the story finished when I

was asked to remember another story.

6. No sooner had the plane taken off than the captain addressed the passengers.

7. Hardly had I come to the door when I heard (some) strange voices.

8. Scarcely had I answered the question when more hands rose in the classroom.

9. No sooner had the car stopped than two policemen came up to it.

10. Hardly had the music begun playing when everyone started dancing.

Exercise 16.

1. They started discussing the news after Mr Loveday had gone out of the room.

2. Jenny took her dog Chase out as soon as she had finished her composition.

3. Paul made a call to Lucy as soon as he had arrived at the gallery.

4. Grace went to the living room when she had laid the child on the bed.

5. I paid for a pair of fashionable gloves when I had selected them.

6. Mr Harry Gras bought a Ford after he had got a loan in his bank.

7. Fred's mother gave him her own mobile after he had lost his.

8. Kelly caught a cold after she had got into a snowstorm.

9. Gwen prepared a cup of tea for Charlie when she had listened to his reciting of the poem.

10. Mrs Ray began delivering her lecture as soon as she came to her desk and opened her papers.

11. Alice went out to meet her friend Wendy after she had translated the article.

12. Fred left the shop after he had paid for his purchase.

Exercise 18.

1. — 2. a 3. the 4. — 5. — 6. the 7. an 8. —, — 9. the, the 10. a,— 11. the 12. —, the 13. — 14.

a, the 15. - 16. - 17. - 18. a 19. a, - 20. -

Exercise 19.

1. a, — 2. —, a 3. a, —, — 4. a, — 5. a, — 6. —, a 7. a, —, a 8. a, — 9. —, a 10. —, a 11. —

, a, — 12. —, a 13. a, —14. —, a, a 15. —, a 16. —, a 17. —, a 18. —, a 19. —, a 20. —, a

Exercise 20.

A. 1. I saw a big fish in the pond. 2. — Do fish fly? — No, they jump high above the water. 3.

Ken has some tropical fish. 4. Fish is a kind of seafood. 5. There is some meat in the fridge, but

there is no fish. 6. Two small silver fish swam past.

B. 1. I like (am fond of) fried chicken. 2. There stood (was) a small yellow chicken near the hen.

3. — Meat or chicken? — Sorry, I'd rather take fish. 4. When I lived at my granny's (with my

granny), I had a chicken. 5. My father likes grilled chicken.

Ñ 1. Give me an apple, please. 2. There was a red apple and two pears in the vase. 3. Cut the

apple. I'll make a pie. 4. The apple pie. was very tasty. There was a lot of apple in it. 5. a) —

What's this? — This is apple for the pie. b) What are these? These are apples for the pie.

D. 1. Potatoes were brought to Europe from Spain.

2. My granny likes fried potatoes.

3. I need a potato, two eggs and a few (some)| green onions for this salad.

4. Sit down to table! We are having chicken and mashed potato for dinner.

5. My sister is good at cook- ing pies with potato.

Exercise 21.

1. of 2. on 3. over 4. on 5. in, of 6. in/with 7. in 8. in 9. over 10. in 11. for 12. at 13. to 14. in, in

15. to

Exercise 22.

A. 1. amendment 2. key 3. solution 4. invita- tion 5. exceptions 6. reaction 7. damage 8. attitude

9. reply. 10. answer 11. addition

B. 1.respect 2. love 3. reason 4. hope(s) 5. &ffecti6n 6. de- mand 7.desire 8. love/hate 9. need

C. 1. holiday 2. diet 3. excursion 4. telephone 5. telephone 6. business 7. trip 8. tour 9. fire

Exercise 23. 1. a, b; 2. a, b; 3. b, a; 4. a, b; 5. b, a; 6. b, a; 7. a,b; 8. b,a;9. b, a: 10. a, b; 11. b, a;

12. a, b

Exercise 24.

1. boarding 2. different 3. explanations 4.Creation 5. impression 6. children 7. various 8.

including are worried 10. keeping 11. independent 12. disadvantages 13.famous

Exercise 25. 1. ñ; 2. b; 3. d;4.a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. c; 8. b; 9. d

Exercise 26. 1. for 2. up/out 3. to 4. up 5. up 6. for 7.up/out 8. for 9. up/out 10. up 11. for 12. up

13. for 14. to 15. up/out

Exercise 27.

1. I hope you'll speak up for me at the meeting.

2. You haven't done your homework again. I'll have to speak to you after the lesson.

3. I have explained my idea, now I'd like you to speak up/out.

4. Please speak up, your classmates can't hear you.

5. Human rights activists speak up for everyone's equality before the iaw.

6. I speak here for all those whom you have helped.

7. His wonderful work speaks for itself.

8. You're the only one who spoke up for me when all the others criticized my work.

9. Don't be shy, speak out/up. I'll be grateful to you for any criticism.

10. Please speak for yourself. I can't say I like this idea.

Exercise 30.

1. provide 2. spreading 3. adult 4. obedience 5 accommodation 6. tends 7. referring 8. tramping

9. voluntary 10. cast-off 11. cast 12. rebel 13. membership 14. dedicated 15. participants

Exercise 31.

1) - h; 2) - f; 3) — k; 4)-b; 5) - c; 6)-i; 7) - e; 8) - j; 9) - g; 10) - a; 11) - d

Exercise 32.

1. at 2. as 3. for 4. to 5. — 6. against 7. to 8. on 9. with 10. through 11. on

Exercise 33.

1. âçðîñëûå 2. ðàçìåñòèòü Ç. ïîñëóøíî 4. ïîñëóøíûé 5. îñíàùåíèå 6. áðîäÿãà 7.

äîáðîâîëåö 8. äîáðîâîëüíî âûçâàòüñÿ 9. âûçûâàþùèé 10. ó÷àñòâîâàòü 11. ó÷àñòèå 12.

óïîìèíàíèå 13. ñïðàâî÷íûé 14. ïðèâÿçàííîñòü 15. ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå 16. ïîêðûâàëî 17.

ïàñòà

Exercise 34.

1 — å; 2 — h; 3 — f; 4 — ñ; 5 — à; 6 — g; 7 — b; 8-d

Exercise 35.

1. Íà óðîêå Ðîóç îáû÷íî ñèäåëà òèõî, îïóñòèâ ãëàçà, ïûòàÿñü íå ïðèâëåêàòü ê ñåáå

âíèìàíèå.

2. Íà òâîåì ìåñòå ÿ áû âûáðîñèë èç ãîëîâû ýòó áåçóìíóþ ìûñëü.

3. Äæèì ñìîã òîëüêî ìåëüêîì âçãëÿíóòü íà ïèñüìî, íî ïîíÿë, ÷òî ïèñüìî áûëî àäðåñîâàíî

åìó.

4. Ïîïðîáóé âîññòàíîâèòü â ïàìÿòè ðàçãîâîð, êîòîðûé ïðîèçîøåë ìåæäó íàìè ìåñÿö

òîìó íàçàä.

5. Ãàçåòíàÿ ñòàòüÿ ïðîëèëà íîâûé ñâåò íà òå äàâíî çàáûòûå ñîáûòèÿ.

6. Ýòîò äèâíûé âèä âñåãäà î÷àðîâûâàåò ïóòåøåñòâåííèêà.

7. Ìåíåå 20 ïðîöåíòîâ íàñåëåíèÿ îòäàþò ñâîè ãîëîñà çà êàíäèäàòîâ èç êîíñåðâàòèâíîé

ïàðòèè.

8. Ðîáèíçîí Êðóçî áûë âûáðîøåí íà áåðåã íåîáèòàåìîãî îñòðîâà, ãäå îí ïðîæèë áîëüøå

28 ëåò.

9. Íèêòî íå îáðàùàë íà ìåíÿ âíèìàíèÿ. ß ïîíÿë, ÷òî ìåíÿ èãíîðèðóþò (÷òî ÿ îòâåðãíóò

âñåìè).

10. Íîâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ñòàâèò ïîä ñîìíåíèå ÷åñòíîñòü ãîñïîäèíà Ïàðêåðà.

Exercise 36.

a) 1) notorious: person, behaviour, lie, gossip, book

2) rebellious: person, behaviour, attitude, country

3) obedient: person, animal, behaviour, worker, servant

4) adult: book, film, behaviour, views, person

5) voluntary: job, help, service, movement, organization

6) cast-off: clothes, shoes, book, toy, furniture

b) 1) provide: food, water, clothes, equipment

2) refer to: story, book, dictionary, encyclopaedia, person

3) obey: person, command, words, rules, demands

4) associate: words, face, book, person, melody, poem

5) dedicate: book, work, deed, life, novel

6) participate in: work, meeting, conference, activity, game

c) 1) youth: morning, spring, the green colour, young birds and an- imals

2) old age: autumn and winter, grey hair, illness, wisdom, slow movements, memories

3) political activity: public life, responsibility, mass media, long speeches, corruption

4) history: the Pyramids, excavations, old towns, libraries, volumes, old pictures

5) school life: friends, lessons, teachers, discos, school bell, first love

Exercise 37.

1. You can hardly call his behaviour typical of adults.

2. I'm not sure this motel can provide us with a night's ac- commodation.

3. The fire spread rapidly and soon the greater part of the grove was in flames.

4. Some Indian tribes rebelled against the government.

5. Mister Abbott tended/used to give his cast-off cloth- ing to his nephews.

6. The clerk referred me to the manager.

7. There are some rouble-makers in my class. They disobey every- body and their rebellious

behaviour is quite notorious in our school.

8.Dr Wayberg is very dedicated to his work.

9. A strange-looking tramp came to my mother and asked for some money.

10. Hundreds of voluneers offered their help in planting trees.

Exercise 40.

a) 1. — b; 2. — e; 4. — a; 5. — d; 3. — extra

Exercise 41.

active participants; adult-led; dedicated to religious upbringing; took up open-air tramping;

cheap accommodation; a large membership worldwide; for developing their characters; their

motto is...; became compulsory; leather-clad; achieved notoriety; several of these youth cultures

were recycled

Exercise 42.

1) radical students 2) existing order of society 3) in this sense 4) reverence 5) sister organization

6) train in va- rious useful skills 7) lighting a fire 8) developing the character 9) penknife 10)

drainpipe trousers and crepe-soled shoes 11) rivals 12) vivid makeup 13) were recycled 14)

uniformed 15) woodcraft investment 16) notorious youth cults 17) associated with the racism of

the far right

Exercise 43.

1) woodcraft 2) a wood/woods 3) timber for ex- port 4) made of wood 5) in the forest/in the

wood(s) 6) to be covered in forest 7) to import timber 8) woodcraft

Exercise 44.

1. Carl referred to his father as "Doctor Newton". 2. The city developed rapidly. 3. Joseph didn't

like the people visit- ing him. 4. In his youth he preferred milk to all other drinks. 5. Permitting

you to do this I demand absolute obedience. 6. Con- ferring these two figures I can say that Mr

Morrison was right. 7. Tom regretted that he had done it. 8. Travelling about Britain I fell in love

with this beautiful country. 9. The accident occurred at the beginning of October. 10. Our last

lecture has been cancelled.

Exercise 48.

1) intolerant 2) inflexible 3) impatient 4) untidy 5) unashamed 6) independent 7) uncivilized 8)

uncontrolled 9) unfair 10) impolite 11) unsupportive 12) unreasonable 13) unwilling 14)

immoral 15) unbalanced Exercise 49. a) 1) intolerant 2) outrageous 3) self-assured, cocky 4)

awkward 5) violent 6) impertinent, cheeky 7) flighty 8) scruffy 9) impatient 10) self-confident

11) ambitious 12) re- jected 13) cynical

Exercise 50. 1) pass through this stage 2) impertinent/cheeky 3) clumsy or awkward 4) loser 5)

(to be) scared of being bullied or rejected 6) peers 7) (to be) shy/self-conscious 8) to treat sb like

children 9) high and low self-esteem 10) to look cool 11) glamorous people 12) to become a net

addict 13) to waste 14) to neglect school 15) to meet sb halfway 16) socialize 17)

looks/appearance 18) social evil 19) gambling 20) attitude

Exercise 51.

1) êîíâåðò ñ çàðàíåå íàïèñàííûì îáðàòíûì àä- ðåñîì îòïðàâèòåëÿ 2) ñàìîëþáîâàíèå 3)

ýãîöåíòðè÷íûé 4) îäíîöâåòíûé 5) ñàìîäèñöèïëèíà 6) ñàìîó÷êà 7) ñàìî- ìíåíèå 8)

ñåáÿëþáèå, ýãîèçì 9) ÷åëîâåê, âûáèâøèéñÿ èç íè- çîâ, äîáèâøèéñÿ âñåãî ñàì 10) ñìåõ íàä

ñîáîé 11) íåîïðÿò- íîñòü 12) æàëîñòü ê ñåáå 13) ñàìîîñóæäåíèå, ñàìîáè÷åâàíèå 14)

ñàìîïîæåðòâîâàíèå

Exercise 63.

A. asking for information Â. giving information Ñ. giving advice

Exercise 64.

A — "What I like most in Portugal are the beaches." or "The best beaches are in Algarve."

 — "Thank you for letting me have that old tricycle."

Ñ — "Twink will never win a prize, but she's my best friend."

D — "I should like to invite you both to our school play "The Case for Two Detectives"."

Exercise 69.

b) Hi, Al! How is your trip? My friends and me are busy here. They all send their love to you.

What are your plans for the rest of the holidays? Write, please. See you soon. Your Kerry.

UNIT4

Exercise 2.

1. b; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. c;10. b

Exercise 4.

1) Marc's parents did. 2) His dad did. 3) All members of the family did. 4) His parents did. 5) His

parents did.6) His mom did. 7) His visiting aunts and uncles did. 8) His grandparents did. 9) His

grandparents did.

Exercise 5.

1. just 2. true 3. selfish 4. dedicated 5. quiet 6. easiest 7. quiet 8. honourable 9. own 10. wrong

11. gentle 12. gentle 13. tough 14. tough 15. good 16. sad 17. highest 18. right 19. him 20.

impatient 21. brave 22. big 23. fine

Exercise 6.

A. 1. false 2. true 3. false 4. true 5. true 6. true

B. 1. false 2. true 3. true 4. false 5. true

Exercise 7.

1) - E; 2) - F; 3) — A; 4) - D; 5) - C; 6) - Â

Exercise 8.

1. — b; 2. — a; 3. — c; 4. — c; 5. — c; 6. — b; 7. — a;

Exercise 9.

1. — b; 2. — e; 3. — f; 4. — d; 5. — a

Exercise 10.

1) a divorce rate

2) broken homes

3) emotional scars

4) family relationships

5) to feel relieved 6) to split (up)

7) to be reincorporated into the family

8) ever-adaptable

9) to have a turn in doing sth

10) to confide in sb

Exercise 11.

1) - e; 2) - i; 3)-b; 4)-j; 5) - c; 6)—a;7) - h; 8) - d; 9) - g; 10) - f

Exercise 13.

A. 1. is being made 2. is hurt 3. is being serviced 4. is not spoken; is categorized 5. are painted 6.

is being interviewed 7. is liked 8. is being cleaned 9. is being sung 10. is often eaten

B. 1. was put 2. was being laid 3. was being followed 4. was given 5. was being checked 6. was

first translated 7. was being played 8. were still being decorated 9. was first staged 10. were put;

(were) taken

C. 1. has just been signed 2. had been blown 3. had been sold 4. has been made 5. had been

packed; (had been) put 6. had been bought; had been done; had been warned 7. has been said 8.

have been asked 9. has been lost 10. had been built

D. 1. will be published 2. would be taken 3. will be used 4. will be chosen 5. would be occupied

6. would be met 7. will be opened 8. would be given 9. will be raised 10. will be sent

Exercise 14.

1. a) Robert was refused the right to appeal.b) The right to appeal was refused to Robert.

2. a) Larry was paid the debt. b) The debt was paid to Larry.

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