Semey state medical university

Semey state medical university

SIW

Topic: Boundaries of the heart & projection of valves of the heart.

Prepared by: student of 241 group
General medicine faculty
Seitov Didar

Discipline: Anatomy
Checked by: Milyushina Y.A.

Semey 2014

Heart (lat. COR, Greek. Καρδιά) - fibro-muscular hollow organ that through repeated rhythmic contractions of blood flow through the blood vessels. Is present in all living organisms developed circulatory system, including all vertebrate, including man. Heart vertebrates consists mainly of cardiac, endothelial and connective tissue. Where in the cardiac muscle is a special kind of striated muscle, occurring only in the heart. The heart of man by cutting an average of 72 times per minute, for 66 years will make about 2.5 billion cardiac cycles. Weight of the heart in humans depends on the floor and usually reaches 250-300 gr. (9-11 ounces) of women and 300-350 grams (11-12 ounces) in men.

Topography and skeletotopy

Heart distinguish the two surfaces - sternocostal and diaphragmatic two edges - right and left, the base and the tip.

Sterno-costal surface of the heart convex, turned partly to the sternum and rib cartilage, in part to mediastinal pleura. Sterno-costal surface is the front surface: the right atrium, the right eye, the superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, right and left ventricles, as well as the apex of the heart and the tip of the left ear.

Diaphragmatic surface is flattened, in the upper faces the esophagus and the thoracic aorta, the lower divisions adjacent to the diaphragm. The composition of the upper gastrointestinal includes rear surface mainly the left atrium and right atrium in part, to the lower divisions belong to the lower surface of the right and left ventricles and atria in part.

Of the side edges of the heart right, formed by the right ventricle, facing the diaphragm, and the left, formed by the left ventricle, is facing the left lung. The base of the heart, formed by the left and right atrium in part, paid to the vertebral column; the tip of the heart, formed by the left ventricle, directed anteriorly and projected onto the front surface of the chest in the left fifth intercostal space, 1.5 cm medially from the line drawn through the middle of the left clavicle - left rib (mid-clavicular) line.

Right heart contour formed facing towards the outside of the right lung, right, the edge of the right atrium and above - the superior vena cava.

The left boundary is formed by the left ventricle of the heart, the region that faces the left lung; above the left ventricle left boundary formed the left eye, and even higher - pulmonary trunk.

The heart is located behind the lower half of the sternum, and great vessels (aorta and pulmonary trunk) - behind its upper half.

Lying in the anterior mediastinum, heart toward the front midline asymmetrically located: it lies almost 2/3 and 1/3 left - right of this line.

Boundaries of the heart

The right border of the surface of the heart is formed right superior vena cava and the edge of the right atrium. It extends from the upper edge of the rib cartilage Rule II at the site of its attachment to the sternum to the top of the cartilage III rib on 1.0-1.5 cm outwards from the right edge of the sternum. Then the right border of the heart, the corresponding edge of the right atrium arch runs from III to V ribs at a distance of 1-2 cm from the right edge of the sternum.

At the level of V ribs right border of the heart goes to the lower border of the heart, which is formed by the edges of the right and left ventricles in part. The lower boundary runs along the oblique line down the left and crosses above the base of the sternum xiphoid process, and then goes to the sixth intercostal space on the left and through the cartilage into the fifth rib VI intercostal space, short to medium clavicular line of 1-2 cm. It is projected apex of the heart.

The left border of the heart constitute aortic arch, pulmonary trunk, left ear and cardiac left ventricle. From the apex of the heart it passes outward convex arc to the bottom of the rib III 2-2.5 cm from the edge to the left of the sternum. Level III edges it corresponds to the left eyelet. Climbing up, on the second inter-ribs, it corresponds to the projection of the pulmonary trunk. At the level of the upper edge of the rib II 2 cm to the left edge of the sternum, it corresponds to the projection of the aortic arch and rises to the lower edge of the ribs I have a place of its attachment to the sternum on the left.

Projection of valves of the heart

The scheme of the projection of the heart valves on the anterior chest wall (A - the projection of the aortic valve; Л - the projection of the pulmonary valve; M - the projection of the mitral valve; T - the projection of the tricuspid valve) and the main point of listening to heart murmurs: 1 - the tip of the heart (conducted noise with mitral valve); 2 - the second intercostal space at the right edge of the sternum (aortic valve); 3 - the second intercostal space at the left sternal border (pulmonary valve); 4 - body of sternum xiphoid process (tricuspid valve); 5 - point Botkin-Erb - the fourth intercostal space to the left of the sternum (held diastolic murmur of aortic insufficiency and mitral valve noise);

All heart valve openings are at the base of the heart and their projection on the front wall of the chest are very close to each other.

The projection of the mitral valve corresponds to the place of attachment III rib to the sternum on the left.

Aortic valve is located behind the sternum at the level of the third rib cartilage.

Pulmonary valve - in the second intercostal space at the left sternal border.

Tricuspid valve is located behind the sternum in the middle of the line connecting the attachment points of the left cartilage III and V of the right ribs.

Literature

http://www.critical.ru/CardioSchool/index.php

http://anatomy_atlas.academic.ru

http://anfiz.ru/ekzamen

https://ru.wikipedia.org

Дата добавления: 2015-09-30