Reported speech Note the reported verbs below:

REPORTED SPEECH Note the reported verbs below: + to-inf. agree, offer, refuse, *claim, *promise, *threaten, demand +-ing. apo- logise for, complain to sb of, deny, suggest, insist on, admit (to), boast about/ of, etc.+ that clause explain, inform sb., exclaim/remark sb + to-inf. warn, invite Þ	* = Verbs can be used with that-clause , forbid, *remind, ask, order, advise, allow, beg + how explain to sb. in reported questions:ask, inquire, want to know, wonder, etc. _____________________________ INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH Tina said (to me)/told me (that)… …she wanted to study hardthat week. …She was cleaning the room. …Tim had broken my vase. …she had been working all day. …she (had) tried to phone me. …he was cleaning/had been cleaning the …Gabi had already left before I came. …she’d been working till the day before. …she would talk to him about that. MODALS / MD.PERFECT…………………… …she would buy a house one day. …she could get a job in London. …he’d be able to come the week after. …she should she give me a call. …that man might help me.. …she must/had to feed her dog first. …I mustn’t/was not to smoke there. …Tim must be hungry. …I could have visited her first. CONDITIONALS…………………………… …If you tried it, you would/could learn it. a indirect speech action is still happ- ening or going to take place. b after time conjunctions, e.g. after, before, when, etc. a Linda said she is working on…(still working on…) b he said he had got a job after he (had) finished his degree. Reported Questions ■ Introduced with the verbs: ask, want to know (very common), won- der, inquire ■ Verbs are written in affirmative ■ expressions such as, oh, well..,please, you know, etc. are omitted ■ Wh-questions (what, why, where, who, what, how long, when, etc.) in direct speechremain the same in reported questio ns ■ should the question begins with auxiliary verbs (is, do, have, etc.) or a modal (can, will, may, etc.) we use if/whether in Rep. questions Reported request, suggestions, commands ■ Introduced with the verbs ask, beg, suggest, tell, request, plead, etc. + to-infinitive, -ing form or that-clause■ She told me to do all the housework ■ john asked her not to leave ■ She suggested going for a drink
TENSES TENSES Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Contnuous Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect past perfect continous Future Simple MODALS / MD. PERFECT… will can can/will be able to shall (for advice/offers) may must (obligation) mustn’t (obligation) must (logical assumption) modal perfect tenses CONDITIONALS…… …… type 1 Conditional tense type 2 & 3 Conditionals ______________ DIRECT SPEECH = the exact words someone used: ‘ I am exhaus-ed,’ Tim said. REPORTED SPEECH= the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words: Tim said (that) he was exhausted/tired. that can be omitted. NOTE tell is always followed by a personal object: He told me (that) he was tired. Say is used with(out) a personal object but wh- en used with a personal object, it is always followed by the preposi- tion to: He said that / he said to me that he was tired. Change of Pronouns I Ò s(he), we Ò they, you Ò I/we, they Ò they, s (he)Ò s(he), it Ò it, neutral statement Ò I • There is no need to worry • I said that there was no need to worry. _____________________ would, could, might, should ought to, had better, used to, musn’t. remain the same	TENSE CHANGE Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Simple/Past Perfect Past Cont./Perfect Cont. Past Perfect Past perfect continuous Conditional (would) MODALS / MD. PERFECT Would could, also could/would be able to (for future ref.) should/would might had to/to be to/should must n’t /be not to /should n’t must remain the same CONDITIONALS………… Change in Rep. Speech do not change Time Expressions: remain or change accor- ding to the meaning of the sentence now Ò then, at that time immediately today, to- night Ò that day, that night yesterday Ò the previous day, the day be- fore tomorrow Ò the fol- lowing day, the next day this week Ò that week last week Òthe previous week, the week before next week Ò the follow- ing week three days ago Ò three days before here Ò there come Ò go Change of tenses.. 1 Should the state- ment reported on the same day, in the same place, one would say: Samantha said, “ I will come here tomorrow ” X She said she would go there the next day. √ She said that she would come hereto- morrow. (No change necessary) 2 if we no longer be- lieve the direct state- ment we would say: √ She said she was going to come but I don’t think so.	DIRECT SPEECH Tina said, “I want to study hard this week” “I’m cleaning the room today.” “Tim has broken your vase.” “I have been working all day” “I tried to phone you” “He was cleaning the room.” “Gabi had left before I came.” “I’d been working till yesterday” “I will talk to him about it.” MODALS / MD. PERFECT……--… “I will buy a house one day” “I can get a job in London” “He’ll be able to come next week” “When shall I give you a call?” “That man may help you” “I must feed my dog first” “you mustn’t smoke here” “Tim must be hungry” “you could have visited me first” CONDITIONALS…………--……-- “If you try it, you will/can learn it” No change in tenses when: 1 an introductory /reported verb is in present simple, present Perfect or future. ■ Sara says, “Papa is here” X Sara says papa was here. √ Sara says papa is here. 2 Reported verb is in the present tense when: a reporting/reading the con- tent of the letter, report, article, etc. b conveying/passing on any messages c reporting something some- one says very often. a The letter says that I must… b He says he has to leave now. c Papa often says that I am too naïve for this world. 3 Tenses either change or remain the same in indirect speech when reporting: a up-to-date affairs/states b General truths/law of nature b The teacher said that water boil s /boil ed at 100 degree C. 4 the tenses in reported speech is not usually changed when:

Sweet but horrible, easy yet difficult, what else??? Tenses, Tenses, and Tenses

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