The modal verb MUST generally means deduction or conclusion that something is certain, and necessity or obligation.

The modal verb MUST generally means deduction or conclusion that something is certain, and necessity or obligation.

1/Informative Usage.

· MUST is used to express real necessity. In affirmative statements, we can use must to say what is necessary.

e.g. I really must stop smoking.

· MUST is used to express general necessity.

e.g. People must be polite.

· It is possible to use MUST to express logical necessity.

e.g. Bad seeds produce bad corn.

· MUST is used in statements expressing sudden necessity due to the circumstances.

e.g. Oh! I must hurry!

· MUST is usually not used to express past necessity and obligation. This is because must is used mainly to influence people's behaviour for example through orders or advice - and one cannot do this in the past. HAD TO is used to talk about past necessity and obligations.

e.g. I had to cycle three miles to school when I was a child.

· MUST is not used to talk about future obligations or necessity, we use WILL HAVE TO instead.

e.g. When you leave the school you will have to find a job.

· MUST is used in public notices or documents expressing commands. MUST can express rules and regulations (formal).

e.g. Cyclists must dismount.

Dogs must be carried.

· In questions, we use must to ask about what the hearer thinks is necessary.

e.g. Must I clean all the rooms?

It is possible to use “Must you..?” “Do you have to…?” meaning “Can’t you stop yourself…?”

e.g. Must you always interrupt me when I am speaking?

· MUST is not used in negative structures to express the lack of necessity. The idea is expressed by NEEDN’T, DON’T NEED TO, DON’T HAVE TO.

e.g. You don’t have to work tomorrow if you don’t want to.

· MUST can be used in reported speech after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense.

e.g. I felt there must be something wrong.

He said that he must leave at once.

2/Inferential usage.

· MUST expresses near certainty about the present, supposition close to assurance, supposition implying strong probability. MUST can be used to express the deduction or conclusion that something is certain or highly probable: it is normal or logical, there are excellent reason for believing it, or it is the only possible explanation for what is happening.

e.g. I am in love. – You must be very happy.

Mary must have a problem – she keeps crying.

· We can use must have + past participle to express certainty about the past.

e.g. We went to Rome last month. - That must have been nice.

A woman phoned while you were out. - It must have been Kate.

· To talk about the future we do not use MUST. Synonymic expressions are used instead:

ü to be likely to

ü to be sure to

ü to be bound to

ü surely

ü probably

e.g. He will surely stay with us for a couple of days.

· MUST is not often used to express certainty in negative clauses. We normally use cannot/can't to say that something is certainly not the case, because it islogically or practically impossible, or extremely improbable.

e.g. She's not answering the phone. She can't be at home.(I am almost sure that she is not at home)

They can’t have got lost. (I am sure they haven’t)

However, MUSTN’T is used in question tags after MUST.

e.g. It must be nice to be a cat, mustn't it?

· The negative meaning can also be conveyed with the help of synonymic structures.

e.g. He must have failed to get in touch with her.

No one must have told him about it.

3/ Imperative usage.

· Emphatic advice.

e.g. You mustn’t miss the chance.

· Order, direct command.

e.g. You must be careful crossing the street.

You must be back by 10.

· Prohibition.

e.g. You mustn’t do it.

You must not go home alone.

· Invitation

e.g. You must come and see my new flat!

We must have lunch together some time.

· Complains in rhetorical questions.

e.g. Why must you make so much noise?

(Зачем так шуметь?)

4/ Structurally or lexically dependent usage.

MUST can have ironical shade in sentences like:

Of course after I gave her my advice she must go and do the opposites.

(Она вдруг пойди и сделай наоборот)

NB! must and have to

In statements about obligation with must the obligation most often comes from the speaker (and in questions, from the hearer). To talk about an obligation that comes from 'outside' (for instance a regulation, or an order from somebody else), we usually prefer have to. Compare:

- I must do some more work; I want to pass my exam.

In my job I have to work from nine to five. (More natural than... I must work from nine to five.)

- We must go to New York soon and see your mother.

My wife's an interpreter: she often has to go to New York. (More natural than... she must often go to New York.)

- I must stop smoking. (I want to.)

I've got to stop smoking. (Doctor's orders.)

- This is a terrible party. We really must go home.

This is a lovely party, but we've got to go home because of the baby-sitter.

- I've got bad toothache. I must make an appointment with the dentist.

I can't come to work tomorrow morning because I've got to see the dentist.

- You really must go to church next Sunday - you haven't been for ages. (I am

telling you to.) Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. (Their religion tells them to.)

- Must you wear dirty old jeans all the time? (Is it personally important

for you?)

Do you have to wear a tie at work? (Is there a regulation?) Have to can also be used to talk about obligation coming from the speaker or hearer, in the same way as must. This is normal in American English (which uses must less often in this sense), and is becoming very common in British English.

I really have to stop smoking, (or / really must...)

Do I have to clean all the rooms? (or Must I...?)

State in which meaning the modal verb or its equi­valents are used. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) You must be a fool to think so. 2) The work must have been carried out in secret for quite a long time. 3) The question must be solved before we can do anything. 4) What­ever you decide, you mustn't stop coming. 5) Mind, you mustn't spend it all at once. 6) Sooner or later one has to choose. 7) They made such a noise that I had to send one of the boys to put an end to it. 8) I think you'll have to take a taxi if you mean to catch that train. 9) Go right in. You are to report at once. 10) The jubilee is to be celebrated sometime this summer. 11) We were to spend a week-end with my aunt at Blackpool. 12) The day we were to start it rained worse than ever. 13) You're not to tell mother about it. 14) And on no account are you to lay the table before twelve o'clock. 15) All right, do my hair like that, and if it doesn't suit me, you'll simply have to restyle it. 16) But she must have seen him! 17) Oh, Mae, think how she must be suffering! 18) Is she waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour. 19) "Oh, come now, Auntie!" he answered quite gently. "You mustn't talk like that." 20) And remember, you must come in and see the baby any time you can. 21) You'll have to go home now, Georgie. Go straight home. And you're not to come here any more. Do you understand me? 22) You're not to ask for it directly you see her, wait a little.

Replace the infinitives in brackets by must, have or have got + infinitive (give several variants where possible).

1) I'm afraid I (to go) now. I (to do) some shopping be­fore school. 2) Will you please, hold the line a minute, dar­ling? I (to change) the baby before I can speak to you. 3) If you go there in the morning, you (not to wait). 4) We could not come, Henry (to take) some out-of-town relations to the theatre. 5) He's out. I'm afraid you (to come) another time. 6) I can't help it. I simply (to see) him to-night. If he is engaged, I (to wait). That's all. 7) There was only an old lady before us, so we (not to wait) long. 8) It was a small family affair, so we (not to change). 9) 1 (to tell) you it was not so simple after all. We (to tell) him all the details. 10) There's not a single room to be got at any of the hotels, I'm afraid we (to stay) at mother's. 11) He said he (to go) out and would come in after lunch.

Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verb to be.

1) Sorry, I've got to rush. I... to meet Mother at the station at six sharp. 2) What... I to do if she starts crying?

3) Who... to tell her all this? I for one don't care to do it.

4) When... they to dock? Have they written? 5) It was a perfectly planned. We... to wait on the steps. 6) Every thing has been arranged. You... not to have any wages the first six months. Just your keep. 7) It's clear that we I to have a very cold and rainy spring. 8) She's very excite< to-day. She... to be taken to her very first party. 9) Tha is that. But who... to tell her about it? 10) I don't like the idea.,.. I to stay here all this time?

Replace the infinitives in brackets by must, have+ infinitive if the action is only necessary; by be + infinitive— if it is expected.

Note: If you say: / must do it, you mean it is necessary; if you say: / am to do it, you mean somebody expects it, has arran­ged it so.

1) This is Dora. She (to share) your room. 2) And who (to do) the cooking? 3) Who (to meet) you there? 4) My feet are wet. I (to change) my stockings. 5) He is getting rather troublesome. Yesterday I (to speak) to him twice about washing his hands. 6) I'm afraid you (to go) there alone, darling. I've such a headache! 7) When the lecture (to begin)? 8) Two more appartment houses (to be built) here. 9) The cup final (to be played) that afternoon and, of course, I sim­ply (to go), examination or no examination. 10) I don't understand it. They (to come) as soon as he gets his leave. 11) Well, I not (to stay) behind after all. Mother will come and look after the children. 12) Well, children, who (to do) the dishes to-night?

Paraphrase the following sentences, using must have + infinitive or be + infinitive.

1) What am I supposed to do if they come too early?! 2) Is it necessary for me to stay? 3) It has been arranged that the youngest children should play on the beach. 4) We expect you to show the place to her. 5) It was necessary that somebody should be there to receive them. 6) It will be necessary for someone to explain it to her. 7) It is neces­sary that I should leave to-morrow at the latest. 8) I am expected to leave to-morrow at the latest. 9) Where am I supposed to be taken? 10) Where is it necessary to take her?

In each of the following sentences the necessity of some action is stated. Use be instead of must, have to show that the action is not only necessary but also expected or planned.

1) I must bake a chocolate layer cake for her birthday. 2) We had to take the children to the Zoo. 3) I have to make a report at the conference. 4) They must show us how to organize the excursion. 5) She had to take this group of chil­dren round the picture gallery. 6) We had to start early. 7) I must do the shopping to-day. 8) I must explain it all to you.

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