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1 | Everybody knows that smoking badly affects the human body. This habit breaks metabolism, lessens the labour productivity and deteriorates the memory. Smoking increases the risk of such diseases as strokes, heart attacks, atherosclerosis or cancer. It is very easy to recognize the one who smokes. It smells bad from his/her mouth and there is a dark scale on his/her lips. All this presents very bad after-effects of smoking. The smoke of cigarettes that travels to the lungs contains almost 4000 harmful substances including nicotine, cancer provoking elements and other poisons which appreciatly deteriorate the health of human body. Resins stick to the enamel of the teeth and travel to the lungs which causes permanent irritation. This results in cough and then in chronic bronchitis or lung disease. If one decides to drop smoking for some reason it is possible to decrease the undesirable consequences of this habit by means of using the special protective filters for cigarette smoke. The use of this filter decreases the harmful effects of resins and nicotine on the human body. For example, the Nic-Out-Type indispensable cigarette filter retains 90% harmful substances and its efficiency is already confirmed by the researches carried out in the laboratories in Israel and Italy. As early as in 2 weeks since Nic-Out-Type filters start being used the cough and the bad smell from the mouth disappear. A number of dentistry centers have already proved the cosmetic effect of this filter. It protects the enamel of the teeth from the dark scale and retains adhesive resins. In manufacturing Nic-Out-Type filters a special plastic is used which doesn’t immit toxic substances and doesn’t cause allergy. The design of filter is unique. It has no analogues and is protected by a patent.
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Today many people are concerned about environment protection issues. In his book, concerned with the environmental prospects of Donbass metallurgy, the well-known economist V. Amitan, made a conclusion that only electric steel smelting process of Azovmash complies with the international standards. According to Sergey Filchacov, Labour and Environment protection Manager of Mariupol Heavy Machinery Works plc.: “As compared to the steel makers who are our colleagues, where the blast furnace, the open-hearth and oxygen-oxygen processes still remain, which, however, do not meet requirements nowadays, we have reached success in environment protection by means of our steel smelting technology. The specificity of engineering also lies in more environment-friendly production.” The total dust effluents equal as few as 700 t. a year. But we keep struggling to improve this results by introducing Newtson’s filters meant to recapture dust, two of which are already available at two of the Electric Arc Furnaces shops, we will reduce those effluence to 200 tons a year. Our enterprise has successfully fostered the release of filters designed by Prof. Newtson. This work is being done in cooperation with Priazovsky State Technical University. In the shortest time the filters will be arranged in the table blasting boxes, and then at Azovelectrostal as well. The advanced technology of producing dry filters distinguishes them well from the hose-type filters which are the wide spread. They operate well in winter and are reliable in operation.
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At the time of the maintenance works the machines and the installations are tested, lubricated and cleaned. At some places the parts are replaced and the electrical equipment is examined. To provide for smooth performance of the mechanisms, maintenance works must be done permanently: lubrication and cleaning should be done once a week, and examination of electrical is to be done every 3 months. The more expensive the machine is, the more important is the maintenance thereof. If you are planning to perform major repairs of a particular installation, do it at the time that is the most convenient to you. The mechanism had better be stopped at the time convenient to you, instead of it stopping itself as a result of some trouble during some important work. Due to the appropriate operation, you will be able to prevent stopages. In managing a business, money is the most important asset. The ready cash makes it possible to buy raw materials, to pay the workers wages, as well as to pay some other things, such are lease and rent, insurance or telephone services. Primarily, you use ready cash to purchase equipment and raw materials. You’ll be quicker to get the ready cash back faster if you sell for cash, and slower if you sell it on credit. The ready cash you obtain from sales is your new working capital. It is slightly bigger compared with that you’ve spent on production of your own products because you’ve gained a profit.
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In the production process manufacturers process raw materials and connect parts etc., with the help of machines, tools and electric power. The production stages follow one another irrespective of the type of products. The 1-st stage is warehousing: Materials you’ve bought undergo control and warehousing. The 2-nd stage is production: The raw materials are processed. The 3-rd stage is assembling: Parts are assembled in order to produce a product. If the product is not very complicated, this does not require special premises. The 4-th stage is finishing. In case of finishing, premises are necessary. This includes washing, polish, etc. The 5-th stage is testing. At the time of testing, you check to what extand the product produced is high quality one. The 6-th stage is packing. The product is packed for it to be dispatched to the Buyer. Each stage of the production involves costs. Costs arising under wages, materials or power are inevitable, however, they can be even bigger than necessary. It causes the price to rise. The main factors extra cost are caused by are the following: too many costs are needed to purchase materials; inefficient use of machine/working hours; big cost being involved in the production process.
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5 - ходять приміщенням та таскають матеріали довше ніж це потрібно; причина цього полягає в тому, що погано організовані склади та інші місця; - якщо робочі місця с неприбраними або там погане світло або коли працівники змушені користуватись неякісним інструментом
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The cost of the materials can be reduced by a number of methods. By means of efficient purchases. It is more important in the production process than in trade but the price is not a big deal. Cheap materials can cause big spending thereof, because they may contain many components, that cannot be used in the production process. By means of the reducing costs. In working timber or footwear, etc. This causes an efficient design will make it possible to save. By means of reducing flaws. You may choose to either reject a faulty product or to sell it at a much lower price. Should a flow occur, a business loses not just machine hour. It does not receive any funds for sales of that product either. The cost of labour force cannot be reduced by job cuts. This can be done by means of reducing the working hours a worker needs to fulfill a certain assignment. The less time one needs to do a certain assignment, the lower is the need of the labour force. It takes them longer time getting about the premises, shifting materials. This is caused by poor performance of the warehouses and other places. Or the workplaces are untidy, or when there are poor lights, or when the workers have to use poor quality tools.
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Labour safety on the production site is especially important both to you and to your workers. In order to make it possible for incidents and diseases resulting from ignoring safety standards to occur. Safety on the production site means not just prevention of accidents alone. It also means improvement of working conditions such as noise reduction or improvement of illumination. Remember that should something happen as a result of you did not paying enough attention to the safety of premises, you cause people pain and stress. In the end, you may happen to have to pay someone a pension, or you’ll become liable under the law. There is a number of factors you should get familirized with in order to preserve your employees’ health and provide for their safety. First of all, adjust the work so that different stages of this work should directly follow one another. There are a lot of accidents caused by people getting about premises to and fro, picking and shifting some raw materials or finished products. Properly instruct your employees how to use mechanisms, machine tools and chemicals long before they get to work. Make sure that the tools are safe. Never allow a worker who has no appropriate competence to repair or adjust any appliances. Always claim written instruction on labour safety in operating the equipment.
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To start the Operating System BIOS reads from the hard drive the data of how the repository is built. Those data appears on the hard drives at the moment of segmentation. From the segments to be downloaded, another program (Master Boot Record) is loaded, which is more capable than BIOS. Since it knows the repository’s file structure and is capable of recalling certain files. It is used in order to read into the operating memory for the OS’s own launcher to be started later. This long path is necessary before Windows announces itself by the related flashing on the display. Even if the Operating System is already loaded, the work of BIOS can not be considered as finished. BIOS is a mediator between the worlds of hardware and software. It works directly with the PC’s hardware and provides access to it for the OS and other programs, in their turn, are to address it. Since BIOS is stored in the memory of one of the chips, it is, in fact, a part of the PC’s hardware. Nowadays BIOS offers wide possibilities of adjustment thereof. By means of experiment one can increase the PC’s speed to a certain extend.
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Brodd Sweden AB company guarantees 12 months of trouble-free operation for each street sweeper. The manufacturer’s warranty is valid in all cases arising under defects of material, defects of workmanship or incomplete sets. Within 1000 hours of operation and provided all the recommendations on operation and maintenance are followed. In case of a defect of a workmanship the Company undertakes to compensate for all the costs arising under replacement of components. In all the other cases components will be replaced for free, minus wages. Claims are to be sent in writing directly to the Brodd Sweden AB company which, in its turn, undertakes to send a written reply within a month since the claim is received. A claim on spare parts is to be supplemented by information as per the type of the equipment, the year of manufacture and the series number. All that information is available on the right side of the street sweeper.
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9 Перевірте рівень рідини в радіаторі. Рівень рідини повинен сягати чорного відбитку на резервуарі. Якщо потрібне, додайте антифризу в співвідношенні з водою в 50%-50% Перевірте повітряний фільтр. Почистить центрифугу, яка розташована на кришці повітряного фільтру. ПРИМІТКА: У випадку сильного забруднення це треба робити частіше. Перевірте рівень змащення гідравліки, а також очищувальний фільтр для мастила на змащувальному резервуарі. Рівень мастила в накопичувані повинен знаходитись між двома відбитками на індикаторі. Якщо бракує мастила, додайте фільтрованого мастила через горловину. Почистить чашу водного фільтру. Перевірте натиск щіток. Дуже великий натиск щіток г знижує ефект сміттєзбиральних операцій та підвищує витрати палива. Перевірте функцію екстреної зупинки двигуна, натиснувши кнопку (В) на головній панелі керування (з внутрішньої сторони праної шнсопої дверці). Якщо двигун зупинився, це означає, що все гаразд, якщо ні - шукайте причину негаразду. Перевірте сепаратор, який запобігає потраплянню води до пального; в разі погреби злійте воду, відкривши кришку на днищі. Сам сепаратор розташований між паливним баком та двигуном.
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Check the oil level in the engine. Check the liquid level in the radiator. Liquid level is to reach the black marking on the tank. If necessary, add anti-freeze in 50/50% proportion with water. Check the air filter, clean the cyclone plant, placed on the lid of air filter. Note: In case of serious contamination it is necessary to do it more often. Check the lubricant level in the hydraulic system, as well as oil-cleaning filter of the lubrication tank. The oil level must balance between two markings on the tank. if the oil is not enough, add filtered oil through the neck of the oil retention tank. Check the pressure of the brush. High pressure of the brushes reduces the sweeping effect and increases fuel consumption. Check the engine’s emergency stop function by pressing Button B on the main control panel, located at the inner side of right-bank door. If the engine stops – it is ok. If not – search for what the malfunction is caused by. Check the separator, which prevents water from getting to the fuel. If necessary, empty the separator by opening the lid at the bottom. The separator is located between the fuel tank and engine.
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10 Якщо причиною заміни мастила є забруднення накопичувача, то ісі деталі, тобто сам накопичувач. гідравлічні шланги та інші компоненти гідравліки треба ретельно промити, - Увімкніть двигун на 10-20 хвилин для перевірки на випадок течі. - У разі потреби додайте мастила. У випадку аварійної зупинки двигуна внаслідок потрапляння зовні якогось предмету треба негайно зупинити всі сміттєзбиральні операції з метою наступної перевірки на предмет ушкоджень окремих вузлів та механізмів. У випадку виявлення дефекту треба негайно звернутися до вашої станції технічного обслуговування. |
Start the engine to preheat the oil. Stop the engine, drive off the bottom nut on the oil retention tank and pour out the oil into a convenient basin. Clean the retention tank and drive in the nut. Replace the oil filter, add 200 liters of filtered oil through bottle rack of the oil retention tank. The oil level must balance between the two markings on the indicator. Important Info: If the replacement of oil is caused by the contaminated oil retention tank, that is the oil retention tank itself, the hydraulic hoses and other hydraulics components are to be properly washed. Start the engine for 10-20 min. to check it for leakage, add oil if necessary. In case of an emergency stop of the engine caused by a foreign object, immediately stop all the sweeping operations for the purpose of checking the engine for damaged parts and components. Should the defect being found, turn to your maintenance shop immediately.
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Iron and Steel works is a business of ferrous metallurgy that produces cast iron steel, finished products made from rolled metal, and rolled metal as well. An iron and steel works can be integrated which produces 3 main types of product, such as cast iron, steel and ro;;ed metal or non-integrated which produces one or two types of these products. Among the main shops of An integrated iron and steel works are Blast Furnace shop, Steel Smelting shop, a number of Rolling mills. Among the auxiliary shops are Maintenance and Power Supply shops, Railroad Carriage shop and Inland Carriage shop. An Iron and Steel works can include dozens of various shops and services. Some iron and steel works can include sintering plants shops producing Refractory Materials or the iron products, etc.. The products are carried from the iron and steel works to the consumers primarily by railroad and some intances by motor trucks. At iron and steel works about 90% of all the internal carriages are made by railroad. An integrated steelmaker’s the initial production process is blast furnace process, that is iron smelting. Blast Furnace shop has a number of furnaces which smelt pig iron, cast iron or ferrous alloys from raw metal materials, such as sintered products and iron ore, etc. Pig iron prevails in the production. Pig iron from Blast Furnace shop is poured into iron-carrying ladles and then is carried in liquid condition to pouring machines where it is poured into special moulds, or carried to the Steel Smelting shops.
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In times of WWII the Ukrainian ferrous metallurgy was practically ruined. The bulk of the equipment was carried away to the East, the rest was destroyed by the Soviet or the German troops. After the war ferrous metallurgy was restored slowly. And it was only until 1960 the pre-war level was partially achieved. In the period of the first post-war 5 yearlong periods, ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine enjoyed considerably capital investments, which made it possible to restore the dated plants on brand new production facilities and to build the brand-new plants. Thus in 1945-50 Ukraine put into operation 10 powerful blast furnaces and 27 open-hearth furnaces. The furnaces with the capacity of 30-40 ton were replaced by new ones whose capacity was 150-200 tons, even 300 tons. Over the period 1950 – 70 about 30% of the All-Union capital investments were given to the Ukrainian ferrous metallurgy. Over that period 32 blast furnaces (including 4 with the volume of 200 m3 and 2 with the volume 2300 and 2700 m3), 36 open-hearth furnaces, 18 oxygen converters, 52 rolling mills and 17 new plants were brought into operation. All the rolling shops and other mills of all types increased their productivity by means of improving heating of metal as well as by means of increasing the weight and the size of ingots and by means of reduction in the rolling cycle. The production was clustered. Ukraine’s actual weight in the All-union output equaled 48% of cast iron, 40% of steel, 41% of finished rolled metals and 36% of steel pipes. Inspite of the quantative increase in the production, the actual weight of the Ukrainian ferrous metallurgy in the All-union ferrous metallurgy was reduced.
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Since the 1970-s such trends are spreading exceedingly. Ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine was shifted to the background. Despite of the fact that a number of big plants was built in previous years inUkraine, the equipment of most of those plants was dated. The prime cost of fuel and raw materials was higher than in agriculture. The labour productivity was reduced. Since 1969 the Statistics Department of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic did not publish the detailed information of ferrous metallurgy in Ukraine (they were published only for the whole Union os Soviet Socialists Republic).In 1971-75 the output of rolled metal increased by as little as by 4%, over the period of 1976-80 it was increased only by 0.2%, steel pipes by 0.4% and 0.1% accordingly. In order to improve the labour productivity, since the early 1970-s, basic oxygen processbegan to be used. Later in the 1980-s it was introduced at approximately 40% of all the iron and steel works. The Dniper Spec Stal Iron and Steel works,Zaporizha, began to stir steel in electric arc furnaces which was introduced into other processes as well. The range of shapes and rolled metal was also widened to a certain extent. Disposal of waste products was also to a certain extent improved, as well as 94% of blast furnaces and 37% of steel smelting slags were used. In implementing 11-th 5 yearlong plan of economic development 1981-1985, the capital investments increased compared to the previous 5 yearlong period approximately by 30%; about 37% of those investments being used to develop the stock of raw materials. In the 1980-s Ukraine began a large-scale reconstruction of technologically outdated rolling mills at a number of Ukraine’s biggest enterprises.
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The technological development also has considerable influence on the development of ferrous metallurgy. With the help of new technological achievements the quality of finished products and labour productivity can be increased. The technological development also makes it possible to increase the shapes range. In the world more than 3000 shapes are produced, but Ukraine produces only about 200-250. Thus, owing to the use of mineral fuel instead of wood charcoal, for example, Donbass with its coal became the main iron and steel area of the Russian Empire in the late 19-th century. Now after the introduction of brand new technology in ferrous metallurgy it is profitable to locate iron and steel works in the areas where there is enough fuel and ore. As it has already been mentioned, metallurgy includes a number of productions. Among them the most important is mining, underground or open pit mining, and saturation of iron ore or non-ore raw material, production of ferrous metals, pipes, electric alloys, coke and chemicals, refractory materials, recycling of ferrous metals and production of iron castings. All this is, of course, done at certain businesses. The most widespread form of adjusting the production is iron and steel works. Ukraine, in its turn, runs 13 iron and steel works (in terms of the level of convent ration of plants producing ferrous metals Ukraine runs about first in the world in the field of ferrous metallurgy production density: 98% of cast iron and 97% of steel are produced at enterprises with the annual output of equaling more than 1 mln. tones). They all are parts of the biggest industrial enterprises, as far as the character of the inner technological connection the modern iron and steel works are part of the metallurgical, power supply and chemical profile.
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apart from integrated steelmaker, in ferrous metallurgy,, there are iron and steel works specializing in cast iron and steel smelting, and those specializing only in production of steel and rolled metal. Work businesses that do not have cast iron production belong to recycling metallurgy. A special role is played by work businesses produce ferrous alloys. Well distinguished is the so called minor metallurgy adjusted at big machine building enterprises and specializing in smelting steel and rolled metal. The Ukrainian iron and steel works have certain location principles. The first principle is the availability of their own coking coal and their own iron and steel raw materials. Secondly, the iron and steel works tend to get closer to raw materials and coal that is extracted by other independent mining business. Here belong the iron and steel works located in KrivyRog where Ukraine ‘sKrivorizhstal, the biggest iron and steel works with the product capacity of 6.7 billion tones, is located. As for availability of fresh water and consumers of iron, as well as according to the location principle between raw material and fuel there are works located in Dniprpetrovsk and Dniprodzerzhinsk. This location predetermines a better territorial adjustment of production of ferrous metal. On the same area Pridniprovie, Nikopol and Novomoskovsk there are iron and steel works melting scrap metal and iron chips, and making pipes from the metal obtained (tube rolling production). In Zaporizzha there is a plant of special steels, where high quality steel is produced with the help of electric power. In Zaporizzha there is also a plant producing ferrous alloys. Ferrous alloys are also produced in Donbass (Stakhanov).
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It is very wide spread in developed countries to locate businesses close to sea ports. In Ukraine the Iron and Steel Works of Mariupol are placed according to this principle as Azov Stal and Iliych Iron and Steel Works that receive iron ore from Kerch and Krivoi Rog and coking coal from Donbass coal fields. All the aforementioned factors and location principles are typical mainly of integrated steel makers. But integrated steel makers recycling and small metallurgy much differ from each other in terms of location. Thus recycling metallurgy mainly uses scrap metal. For example, the output of steel exceeds the output of cast iron. In terms of the sources of recycled products recycling metallurgy tends to be located closer to the consumers of finished products. The so called miner metallurgy mainly tends to be closer to big machine building centers. The specific features of location are typical of in production of ferrous alloys and electric metals smelted either in blast furnaces or in electro-hearth furnaces, accordingly at integrated iron and steel works or at recycling plants. Ferrous alloys are smelted in electro-chemical furnaces at the specialized plants. Cheap electric power and availability of metals are the main location factors for plants of the kind. Production of electric steel is power-consuming and uses scrap metal. Therefore, it is located in the regions with the sufficient quantity of cheap electric power and scrap metal.
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For the iron and steel field to work properly, solvency of national consumer of iron is of a great potential, such as that of businesses involving in engineering, machine building, construction and agricultural machinery. But an overall payment crisis in the national economy badly affects the increase in the output and the financial condition of iron and steel works. The lack of assets and ready cash at the field’s enterprises brought about an increase in such mode of payment as barter which is essentially unprofitable for the manufacturers. Today the share of internal barter operations on the ore-saturating enterprises equals 72% on average, 42% at the iron and steel product, 78% at the plants producing refractory materials. The greatest actual weight of the production from raw materials obtained from barter basis is observed in the production of coal and chemicals which has reached 99%. The exports of iron and steel field are mainly based on rolled ferrous metals. It’s share in the total value of the export is permanently increasing. The biggest increase was observed in 1997 when exports of pig iron wasreduced by 6 times. This is an advance, since it is an evidence to reduction in the exports of raw materials and to the increase in the exports of high quality finished products. Unfortunately, the exports of square piece are still going on, which worsens the conditions on the market of rolled metal.
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The current condition of Ukraine’s Iron and Steel works is characterized by critical technological backwardness compared to highly developed of Europe and of the world. The range of iron and steel products is rather imperfect. The output of metal, thin iron sheets, tinplates, covered rolled metal and bent shapes is low. The Ukrainian Iron and Steel works are lagging behind the global level due to the number of factors. The most important among those factors was the decisions made by the Government of the Soviet Union almost 20 years ago. Those decisions redistributed the investments for the development of only Eastern and Central businesses located in Russia, which led to technological and social backwardness of the Iron and Steel works located in Donbass Coal Fields, as well as those located on the Dniper bank, and on Asov sea shore. Therefore, the field requires upgrading and technological reconstruction of the production as well as improvement of the structure of metal products. Exhaustion of the production facilities available at the iron and steel field equals 56.4%, that of the production facilities available at plants involved in coke and chemicals – 57.6%, of coal mining - 58.2% and production of in tubes – 57.2%. The equipment whose warranty has already expired produces 50% of all the iron products. The actual costs arising under power supplies of the iron and steel production sharply increased. The consumption of power arising under manufacture finished products at the Iron and Steel works is 1.5-1.8 times higher than the related global level. Therefore, one of the main assignments lies in power-saving. Given the export oriented nature of the Iiron and Steel fields (in 1998 out of 19,5 million tonnes of rolled metal, 14,2 million tonnes were exported) and the tangible contribution was paid in to the Ukrainian foreign currency receipts (almost 40%), the urgent measures were expected to be taken in order to reequip and to reform the field as a whole. That found reflection in the available development program of the Ukrainian Iron and Steel works.
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The global experience evidences that it is impossible to achieve success in structural reforming of the economy without attracting domestic and foreign investments and without active use of loan opportunities. According to a proposal made by businesses, a probably required amount of the investments till 2000 equals USD 3.1 billion in metallurgy and 2.5 in the ore mining field. The total amount of probable investments in metallurgy till 2012 equals USD 13 billion. The primary source of investment mat happen to be our own national potential investor. Today he has already taken the initiative and there are a few examples of investing in metallurgy. It is first of all connected with improvement of the Ukrainian investment climate. The government of Ukraine is exerting much effort in order to provide sustainable condition for the activities carried out by both the Ukrainian and foreign investors on the legal basis. Adoption of the Law of Ukraine On the Mode of Investment has provided for the foreign investor to freely enter into the Ukrainian economy, whereas in crossing the state border of Ukraine, the investment is exempt from the customs duty. The foreign investor is provided with government protection of the investment envisaged by the international law from forced deductions of all kinds, from state officials interference. The law ensures free use of profits and revenues obtained from the investment. The fields of investment actually have no restrictions. Single subjects of businesses who implement investment projects attracting foreign investments carried out according to the state development programs of priority economic, social and territory can set the beneficial regime of investment or other kinds of business activities.
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20 Підприємства чорної металургії оснащені старим, майже зношеним, допотопним обладнанням, металургійні заводи експлуатуються понад нормативні терміни, існує значна технологічна відсталість у порівнянні з розвинунеми країнами | 20. The Iron and Steel works are fitted with dated, antediluvian yet worn out equipment. The Iron and Steel works are still operated beyond all the warranties?having expired. There is an essential technological backwardness compared to highly developed countries. This problem requires introduction of brand new achievements of the technological development in the production ferrous metals, as well as search of new non-standard smelting methods. The Ukrainian ferrous metallurgy is extremely power consuming. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to launch programs on appreciable reduction in consumption of power supplies of all types from mining to manufacture of finished steel products. The low content of metal in raw materials requires saturation of oars. No doubt it is necessary to seek most efficient saturation methods. The work productivity has rapidly declined, though through over the last few years there has been a gradual but not yet a very much steady increase. In order to improve and stabilize labour productivity in ferrous metallurgy to settle problem the plant workers are being faced by and again to introduce brand new technologies into the steel making process. It would also be expedient to provide economic incentives for the workers in order to boost the labour productivity.
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