is a non-finite form which has certain verbal functions and the syntactical functions of an adverb and an adjective.

The Participle

is a non-finite form which has certain verbal functions and the syntactical functions of an adverb and an adjective.
There are 2 participles in English: the Present Participle (Participle I) & the Past Participle (Participle II).
The Participle has voice & tense distinction:
present participle active	writing	He told me to start early, reminding me that the roads would be crowded.
*perfect participle active	having written	Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
present participle passive	being written	Being occupied with the work, I didn’t get time to talk to her.
past participle passive	written	Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.
perfect participle passive	having been written	Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home.
* is used to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the main verb
The functions of the participle in the sentence:
1. Predicative 2. Attribute 3. Attribute clause 4. Adverbial modifier of: - time - cause or reason - manner or attendant circumstances - condition - comparison - concession	The door was locked. Blooming apple-trees, approved fact There was a wooden bench running round the walls. Entering the house, she turned on all the lights. Not knowing the answer I felt ill at ease. They worked whispering cheerfully to one another. Taken daily vitamin pills you can improve your health. He looked at me as if asking me for smth. Although expecting the news I was shocked by it.
Complexes (Participial phrases and constructions are characteristic of Formal English. In Spoken English they are replaced by subordinate clauses. The only exception is objective participial construction)
a) Complex object (accusative with the participle) 1) Verbs of mental & physical perception: see, hear, feel, smell, listen to, notice, watch 2) Catch, find, leave + object + present participle	I saw him walking along the street. (p I) I had my flat repaired (p II) I caught them stealing my apples. (displeasure). He found a tree lying across the road. I left him talking to Bob.
b) Complex subject (the same verbs in passive)	He was heard singing.
c) The nominative absolute participle construction - the connection of this construction is loose, so it’s called absolute (it’s used in formal literary texts. It consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case + present/past participle)	It can be used as adverbial modifiers of:
- time - cause - condition - manner or attendant circumstances	All questions answered, they went home. The season being over, there were few people on the beach. We’re going to eat outside, the weather permitting She continued working, the child silently reading (=while the child...)
The differences between gerund & participle:
	The gerund	The participle
- is preceded by a preposition - is modified by a noun in the genitive case - as a subject - as a predicative - as a part of a compound verbal predicate - as an object	yes yes yes yes yes yes	no no no yes yes yes
- as an attribute - as an adverbial modifiers	with prepositions with prepositions	without prepositions without prepositions
If the gerund is used as a part of a compound noun, the person/thing denoted by the noun doesn’t perform the action expressed by the – ing form: If the participle is used as an attribute, the person denoted by the noun performs the action expressed by the – ing form:	a dancing hall; a drinking fountain; an ironing board. a dancing girl; here are your running shoes; I love the sight of running water
Some Present Participles (-ing forms) and Past Participles (-ed forms) can be used as adjectives. Remember the differences between the following pairs of adjectives: alarmed-alarming, amazed-amazing, bored-boring, excited-exciting, frightened-frightening, pleased-pleasing, surprised-surprising, tired-tiring, worried-worrying. When we use these adjectives to describe how someone feels about something, the – ing adjectives describe the ‘ something ’ (e.g. a surprising decision) and the – ed adjectives describe the ‘ someone ’ (e.g. I was surprised) I’m pleased with the result. and It’s a pleasing result. The bored children started to get restless. and The play was really boring.
A present participle replacing a main clause:
When two actions by the same subject occur simultaneously it’s possible to express one of them by a present participle	He rode away. He whistled as he went. = He rode away whistling.
When one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject the first action can often be expressed by a present participle	He opened a drawer and took out a revolver. = Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.
When the second action forms part of the first, or is a result of it, we can express the second action by a present participle.	She went out, slamming the door.
A present participle replacing a subordinate clause:
Can replace as/since/because + subject + verb	Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies with him. = As he knew...
Being at the beginning of the sentence means ‘ as he is/was ’	Being a student = As he was a student.
Misrelated participles
Waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head makes it appear that ‘ the brick was waiting for a bus’. A participle linked in this way to the wrong noun/pronoun is said to be ‘ misrelated ’. The above sentence should be rewritten: As I was waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head.
The ways of translating the participle into Russian
Active	Present P	Throwing	бросающий бросивший бросая бросив	The boy throwing stones in the pond is my brother. (Мальчик, бросающий ...) The boy throwing a stone in the pond laughed loudly. (Мальчик, бросивший...) The boys stood on the bank throwing stones. (Мальчики стояли, бросая...) Throwing the letter into the fire he left. (Бросив письмо, он ушёл)
Perfect P	Having thrown	бросив	Having thrown the ball into the water the boy couldn’t get it back. (Бросив мяч в воду...)
Passive	Present P	Being thrown	бросаемый (будучи) брошен	The stones being thrown by the boys are falling into the water. (Камни, бросаемые ...) Being thrown with great force the stones reach the opposite bank. ( Брошенные с большой силой...)
Past P	Thrown	бросаемый брошенный	Stones thrown into the water go to the bottom. (Камни, бросаемые в воду, идут ко дну) The stone thrown by the boy reached the opposite bank. (Камень, брошенный мальчиком...)
Perfect P	Having been thrown	так как бросили	Having once been thrown into the water by the children, the dog always ran away when it saw them. ( Так как собаку бросили …)
Proverbs & Sayings
1. Signed and sealed 12. A watched pot never boils. 2. To keep one’s fingers crossed 13. Let a sleeping dog lie. 3. To take smth for granted 14. Once bitten twice shy. 4. A doubting Thomas 15. Barking dogs never bite. 5. A walking encyclopedia/disaster 16. Fear Greeks bearing gifts. 6. An unwritten law 17. First impressions are most lasting. 7. A confirmed bachelor 18. Science is organized knowledge. 8. Broken English 19. One volunteer is worth two pressed men. 9. A turning point 20. For every person wishing to teach there are 30 not wanting to be taught. 10. A laughing stock 11. Stolen pleasures are sweetest = Forbidden fruit is sweetest.

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