How to Speak on the Infinitive

How to Speak on the Infinitive

1. To see is to believe.

To see is a subject expressed by the Indefinite Infinitive Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

Is to believe is a compound nominal predicate which consists of the link verb to be in its Present Simple tense form and the predicative expressed by the Indefinite Infinitive Active.

2. It’s nice to see you here.

To see is a subject with the introductory it expressed by the Indefinite Infinitive Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

3. He is hard to deal with.

Is hard to deal with is a compound nominal predicate which consists of the link verb to be in its Present Simple tense form and the predicative expressed by the adjective easy and Indefinite Infinitive Active.

4. She started to smile.

Started to smile is a compound verbal aspect (phasal) predicate which consists of the verb to start used to denote the beginning of the action and the Indefinite Infinitive Active.

5. You can’t have met her there.

Can’t have met is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb can’t used to denote negative deduction (incredulity) and the Perfect Infinitive Active used to refer the action to the past.

6. I’m glad to have met you there.

To have met is an object expressed by the Perfect Infinitive Active used to denote an action prior to that of the finite verb.

7. I find it necessary to read this book.

To read is an object with the introductory it expressed by the Indefinite Infinitive Active used to denote an action posterior to that of the finite verb.

8. The first person to come was my father.

To come is an attribute expressed by the Indefinite Infinitive Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

9. He’s strong enough to lift it.

To lift is an adverbial modifier of reason (cause) expressed by the Indefinite Infinitive Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

10. To tell the truth, I don’t feel very well.

To tell the truth is a parenthesis expresses by an infinitive phrase.

11. I saw her leave the house.

Her leave is a complex object expressed by the Objective with the Infinitive Construction in which the Indefinite Infinitive Active is in predicate relation to the pronoun in the objective case.

12. The prices in the country are reported to have risen.

The prices to have risen is a complex subject expressed by the Subjective Infinitive Construction in which the Indefinite Infinitive Active is in predicate relation to the noun in the common case.

13. He brought a magazine for me to read.

For me to read is a complex adverbial modifier of purpose expressed by the For-To-Infinitive Construction in which the Indefinite Infinitive Active is in predicate relation to the pronoun in the objective case introduced by the preposition for.

How to Speak on Participle I

1. The film was boring.

Was boring is a compound nominal predicate which consists of the link verb to be in its Past Simple tense form and the predicative expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active.

2. Judging by his face he is very upset.

Judging by his face is a parenthesis expressed by a participial phrase.

3. I saw there a smiling girl.

Smiling is an attribute in preposition expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active used to denote an action performed by the noun.

4. The child seems to be enjoying the book being read to him.

Being read is an attribute in postposition expressed by Participle I Indefinite Passive used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

5. The path leading to the river is very narrow.

Leading is an attribute in postposition expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active used to denote an action referring to no particular time.

6. The candidates who have just been interviewed are all graduates.

We use here an attributive clause because we don’t use Participle I in its Perfect form as an attribute.

7. She was sitting in the armchair watching TV.

Watching is an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

8. When in the Highlands we couldn’t help admiring the picturesque scenery.

We don’t use Participle I being as an adverbial modifier if time.

9. I saw the children playing in the garden.

The children playing is a complex object expressed by the Objective Participial Construction in which Participle I Indefinite Active is in predicative relation to the noun in the common case.

10. He was seen trying to break into the house.

He trying is a complex subject expressed by the Subjective Participial Construction in which Participle I Indefinite Active is in predicative relation to the pronoun in the nominative case.

How to Speak on Participle II

1. I was bored by the film.

Was bored is a compound nominal predicate which consists of the link verb to be in its Past Simple tense form and the predicative expressed by Participle II. (it denotes a state)

2. Yesterday I was introduced to a retired colonel.

Retired is an attribute in preposition expressed by Participle II. (it denotes passing into a new state/it is active in meaning but passive in form)

3. The man injured in the accident was immediately taken to hospital.

Injured is an attribute in postposition expressed by Participle II. (it denotes a state which is the result of an action)

4. The courses taken by the 2^nd year students here are usually rather difficult.

Taken is an attribute in postposition expressed by Participle II.(it denotes a passive action)

5. When asked about it, I didn’t know what to say.

Asked is an adverbial modifier of time expressed by Participle II. (it denotes a passive action)

6. He heard his name pronounced.

His name pronounced is a complex object expressed by the Objective Participial Construction in which Participle II is in predicative relation to the noun in the common case.

7. I’ve had (I’ve got) my car serviced recently.

My car serviced is a complex object expressed by the Objective Participial Construction in which Participle II is in predicative relation to the noun in the common case. (we use it to show that the subject is not the doer of the action)

How to Speak on the Gerund

1. Travelling is always exciting.

Travelling is a subject expressed by the Indefinite Gerund Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

2. It’s no good doing things by halves.

Doing is a subject with the introductory it expressed by the Indefinite Gerund Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

3. There is no convincing that man.

Convincing is a subject with the introductory there expressed by the Indefinite Gerund Active used to denote an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

4. My hobby is diving.

Is diving is a compound nominal predicate which consists of the link verb to be in its Present Simple tense form and the predicative expressed by the Indefinite Gerund Active.

5. She burst out laughing.

Burst out laughing is a compound verbal aspect (phasal) predicate which consists of the verb burst out used to denote the beginning of the action and the Indefinite Gerund Active.

6. I couldn’t help smiling.

Couldn’t help smiling is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal expression couldn’t help and the Indefinite Gerund Active.

7. I remember seeing that man before.

Seeing is an object expressed by the Indefinite Gerund Active used to denote an action prior to that of the finite verb.

8. There is no hope of getting tickets for the performance.

Getting is an attribute expressed by the Indefinite Gerund Active used to denote an action posterior to that of the finite verb.

9. I’ll never go there without being invited.

Being invited is an adverbial modifier of condition expressed by the Indefinite Gerund Passive used to denote an action prior to that of the finite verb.

10. Please, excuse his interrupting you.

His interrupting is a complex object expressed by the Gerundial Construction in which the Indefinite Gerund Active is in predicative relation to the possessive pronoun.

A direct object

Acknowledge

Admit

Appreciate

Avoid

Cannot afford

Cannot bear

Cannot help

Cannot stand

Consider

Delay

Deny

Detest

Endure

Enjoy

Escape

Excuse

Fancy

Feel like

Forget

Forgive

Hate

Intend

Involve

Imagine

Keep

(Dis)like

Love

Mention

Mind

Miss

Need

Neglect

Postpone

Practice

Prefer

Propose

Put off

Recall

Recollect

Regret

Remember

Resent

Resist

Resume

Risk

Suggest

Tolerate

Try

Understand

Want

Be worth while

A prepositional object

Admit to (=confess)

Advise on (against)

Agree to

Aim at

Apologize for

(Dis)approve of

Assist in

Believe in

Blame for

Bother about

Care for

Charge with (=blame)

Come of

Come round to

Compensate for

Complain of

Congratulate on

Confess to

Count on

Decide on (against)

Depend on

Despair of

Devote to

Dream of

End in

Fall to

Feel up to

Forget about

Forgive smb for

Find excuses for

Get to

Get down to

Go back to

Grumble about

Have no doubt about

Have no difficulty in

Help in

Hesitate about

Insist on

Keep from

Lead to

Long for

Look forward to

Look like

Lose time in

Make a point of

Mean by

Object to

Persist in

Plan on

Plead guilty to

Praise for

Prevent from

Punish for

Reckon on

Refrain from

Rely on

Return to

Save from

Stop smb from

Succeed in

Suspect of

Take to

Take pride in

Talk of

Tell of

Thank for

Threaten with

Think of (about)

Warn of (against)

Worry about

Be absorbed in

(Un)accustomed to

Afraid of

Amused at

Angry at (with)

Annoyed at

Ashamed of

Astonished at

Aware of

(In)capable of

Careful about (in)

Certain of

Clever at

(Un)conscious of

Content with

Delighted at

Different from

Disappointed at

Bored with

Busy in

Embarrassed at

Engaged in

Excited about

Far from

Fond of

Fortunate in

Frightened of

Furious at

Given to

Good (better, bad) at

Grateful for

Guilty of

Happy in (at, about)

Ignorant of

Interested in

Irritated at

Indignant at

Keen on

Miserable at

Nice about

Proud of

(Dis)pleased at (with)

Quick in

Responsible for

Right in

Scared at (of)

Set against

Set on

Sick of

Skilled in (at)

Slow in (at)

Sorry for

Successful in (at)

Sure of

Surprised at

Thankful for

Tired of

Touched at

Upset at

(Un)used to

Worried about

Wrong in

Дата добавления: 2015-09-29