A participle is a verbal form that has the qualities of both a verb and an adjective, such as the following present participle in red

Participle Definition

A participle is a verbal form that has the qualities of both a verb and an adjective, such as
the following present participle in red …

YanItlanmasI zor gelen sInav sorular InI en sona bIrakmalIsIn, Aristotle.
You should leave examination questions that you find difficult to answer until last, Aristotle.
[present participle used in a participle phrase modifying, questions. ]

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The Standard way to make the 'Present' Participle in Turkish…

The present participle is made in the following manner:

1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the ' mek ' or ' mak ' ending.

2. To the remaining verb stem add ' (y)en ' if the verb is from the ' mek ' family or ' (y)an ' if it's from the ' mak ' family. [Note: the ' y ' is only inserted if the verb stem ends in a vowel -- to avoid the occurrence of two consecutive vowels.]

Examples of Present Participle Construction:

Infinitive form of a Verb	Correct Participle Suffix	The Participle	English
Gelmek	-en	Gelen	coming (who [whom, that, which] is coming)
Sar I lmak	-an	Sar I lan	hugging (who [whom, that, which] is hugging)
Anlamak	-yan	Anlayan	understanding (who is [whom, that, which] understanding)
Beklemek	-yen	Bekleyen	waiting (who [whom, that, which] is waiting)
Gelmemek	-yen	Gelmeyen	not coming (who [whom, that, which] is not coming)
Sar I lmamak	-yan	Sar I lmayan	not hugging (who [whom, that, which] is not hugging)
Anlamamak	-yan	Anlamayan	not understanding (who [whom, that, which] is not understanding)
Beklememek	-yen	Beklemeyen	not waiting (who [whom, that, which] is not waiting)

Another Present Participle Example:

Babel'den dцrt bin dokuz yuz yirmi ьз dili akIcI bir s ekilde konu s an bir adam tanIyorum.
I know a man from Babel
who speaks 4,923 languages fluently.
[present participle used in a participle phrase modifying, man ]

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Standard Way to Make the (Aorist) 'Wide-Tense' Participles in Turkish...
The Type 'A' Participles

The (Aorist) Wide-Tense -- a verbal factoid

Example with the Type 'A' Wide-Tense Participle:

Atlantis yцresinde pek зok akar su var.
There's a lot of flowing water
in the vicinity of Atlantis.
(...water that flows, all the time...)
[Type 'A' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, water ]

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The Type 'A' Wide-tense participle is made in the following manner:

1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the ' mek ' or ' mak ' ending.

2. Affirmative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '- (e)r ' ['- (i)r ', '- (ь)r '], if the verb is from the ' mek ' family,
or...
' (a)r ' ['- (I)r ', '- (u)r '], if it's from the ' mak ' family.

3. Negative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add '- mez ' (for '- mek ' family verbs) or '- maz ' (for '- mak ' family verbs).

Keep in mind that,
for each of the two verb families,
there is only one possible negative suffix, but that there are three possible affirmative suffixes. And remember too that suffix choices are always subject to
the Rule of Vowel Harmony...

Examples of Type 'A' Wide Tense
Participle Construction:

Infinitive form of a Verb	Correct Participle Suffix	The Participle	English
Beklemek	-er	Bekler	waiting (who [whom, that, which] waits)
Gelmek	-ir	Gelir	coming (who [whom, that, which] comes)
Yьrьmek	-r	Yьrьr	walking (who [whom, that, which] walks)
Adamak	-ar	Adar	dedicating(who [whom, that, which] dedicates)
Sar I lmak	- I r	Sar I l I r	hugging (who [whom, that, which] hugs)
Bulmak	-ur	Bulur	finding (who [whom, that, which] finds)
[negative] Gelmek	-mez	Gelmez	not coming (who [whom, that, which] doesn't come)
[negative] Sar I lmak	-maz	Sar I lmaz	not hugging (who [whom, that, which] doesn't hug)

Note: Quite a few of the wide-tense participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: dь s ьnьr; thinker and yazar; writer. Such as the adjectives: зalar; зalar saat; alarm clock, and bilir; bilir ki s i; a wise man, expert...

Another Wide-tense Participle Example:

Nero, yanmaz ipek tan yapIlmI s elbiseler giyer.
Nero always wears clothing made from
fire-proof silk.
(...from silk that doesn't burn, ever...)
[wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, silk ]

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Standard Way to Make the (Aorist) 'Wide-Tense' Participles in Turkish...
The Type 'B' Participles

Example with the Type 'B' Wide-Tense Participle:

Paris, Helena'ya geзiзi hevesler i yьzьnden Troy'a zarar verecek mi? Elbette!
Will Paris bring harm to Troy over his passing desires for Helena? You betcha!
[Type 'B' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, desires ]

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The Type 'B' Wide-tense participle is made in the following manner:

1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the ' mek ' or ' mak ' ending.

2. Affirmative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '- ici ' ['- ьcь '], if the verb is from the ' mek ' family,
or...
' IcI ' ['- ucu '], if it's from the ' mak ' family.

3. Negative participles -- Unlike the Type ' A ' Wide Tense participles, there are no negative Type 'B' participles. As is the case with the Present Participles, all negative expressions are controlled through the main verb(s) in the sentence (or noun clause) where this participle is used. For example,

Size daha ьzьcь haberler vermek istemem, Job;
I don't want to give more worrying news to you, Job.

In the example, the main verb istemem; I don't want, happens to be in the negative, and so controls the negative sense in which the participle ьzьcь is used. And if the verb were in the affirmative, the sense of the sentence would be reversed, but there'd be no change at all in the participle.

Keep in mind that,
for a verb stem ending in a vowel, you need to insert ' y ' before attaching the 'future' participle suffix,
e.g. koruyucu; protecting, who protect(s)...

Examples of Type 'B' Wide Tense
Participle Construction:

Infinitive form of a Verb	Correct Participle Suffix	The Participle	English
Gelmek	-ici	Gelici	coming (who [whom, that, which] comes)
Beklemek	-yici	Bekleyici	waiting (who [whom, that, which] waits)
Gьlmek	-ьcь	Gьlьcь	smiling (who [whom, that, which] smiles)
Bьyьmek	-yьcь	Bьyьyьcь	growing (who [whom, that, which] grows)
Almak	- I c I	Al I c I	taking (who [whom, that, which] takes)
Tan I mak	-y I c I	Tan I y I c I	recognizing (who [whom, that, which] recognizes)
Doyurmak	-ucu	Doyurucu	filling up (who [whom, that, which] fills up)
Korumak	-yucu	Koruyucu	protecting (who [whom, that, which] protects

Note: Quite a few of the Type 'B' wide-tense participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: bцcek цldьrьcь; insecticide (bug killer) and uyu s turucu; (narcotic) drugs. Such as the adjectives: gьldьrьcь; amusing, and etkileyici; effective, influential...

Another Type 'B' Wide-tense Participle Example:

Emek AtlasI yorarsa, o yorucu bir emek tir.
If the work exhausts Atlas, it's exhausting work.
[Type 'B' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, work ]

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Standard Way to Make the 'Past Personal' Participle in Turkish...

Other writers on the Turkish language, have called this category of participle,
"the Past Participle" (Hengirmen), "an Object Participle" (Underhill),
"a '- dik ' adjective" (The Pollards), "a Relative Participle", and "a Personal Participle" (Lewis).

Since they can't agree, we won't either, and have decided to call it "The Past Personal Participle" -- based solely on its appearance.

For example, look at the 'Past Personal' Participle, istedi g in,
which may mean, that you wanted, as in,
The suit that you wanted cost $9,000, but
the checking account was in my name!
Firstly, you'll see that it's made
from the verb stem of, iste mek; to want.
Then hopefully, you'll notice two things about its suffix/ending, di g in.
What you will notice, we hope, is
a) that it's based on the root suffix '- dik ' (softened here to di g) --
which makes it 'appear' (at first glance) to be in the Past Tense and,
b) that it definitely does include use of one of the Personal Possessive Endings, in this case, - in, meaning, your.
So, Participles in this category, look like they're in Past Tense and, also, make use of the Personal Possessive Suffixes...

And, that's why we call them the ' Past Personal ' Participles. Whew!

In fact, as we'll see just below, looks can be deceiving. Because it turns out that the 'Past Personal' Participle's time zones are subject to the whims of other stronger passions, and so, it can be used for any tense except the future tense...

Example with the 'Past Personal' Participle:
[Notice how the 'Past Personal' Participle's tense can get twisted in translation -- to conform to the tense of the 'stronger' verb in the sentence.]

Bilmedi g iniz insanlar a fikrinizi sцylemeyiniz, Socrates. Senin ba s InI belaya sokabilir.

Don't tell your ideas to people you don't know, Socrates. It could get you into trouble.
[Past Personal participle used as an adjective modifying, people.
Observe that, in this translation, the participle takes on the 'present tense feeling' of the sentence's main verb --
which is the negative command,
sцylemeyiniz; don't tell. ]

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The 'Past Personal' Participle is made in the following manner:

1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the ' mek ' or ' mak ' ending.

2. To the remaining verb stem,
add the suffix '- dik ' ['- dьk '], if the verb is from the ' mek ' family,
or...
'- dI k' ['- duk '], if it's from the ' mak ' family.

3. To that resulting construction, attach an appropriate Personal Possessive Ending (PPE). Note: Before attaching the PPE, you may need to soften the final ' k ' of that construction by substituting the Turkish ' yuma s ak-g ' character. See following examples...

Keep in mind that,
for each of the two verb families,
there are two possible suffixes -- that are subject to
the Rule of Vowel Harmony...

Examples of 'Past Personal' Participle Construction:

Infinitive form of a Verb	Correct Participle Suffix	The Participle Usage	English
Зizmek	-di g im	Зizdi g im resim...	The picture [that] I drew...
Sar I lmak	-d I g I n	Sar I ld I g I n k I z...	The girl [who] you hugged...
Okumak	-du g u (see the vowel harmony at work)	Okudu g u kitap...	The book [that] she read...
Beklemek	-di g imiz	Bekledi g imiz gьn...	The day [that] we were waiting for...
Gцrmek	-dь g ьnьz (see the vowel harmony at work)	Gцrdь g ьnьz atlar...	The horses [that] you saw...
Aramak	-d I klar I	Arad I klar I sevgili...	The lover [that] they were searching for...
Зizmemek	-di g im	Зizmedi g im resim...	The picture [that] I didn't draw...
Sar I lmamak	-d I g I n	Sar I lmad I g I n k I z...	The girl [who] you didn't hug...
Okumamak	-d I g I (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Okumak' above)	Okumad I g I kitap...	The book [that] she didn't read...
Beklememek	-di g imiz	Beklemedi g imiz misafir...	The guest [that] we weren't expecting...
Gцrmemek	-di g iniz (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Gцrmek' above)	Gцrmedi g iniz atlar...	The horses [that] you didn't see...
Gьlmemek	-dikleri	Gьlmedikleri s aka...	The joke [that] they didn't laugh at...

Another 'Past Personal' Participle Example:
Also includes an example of a ' faux-pa rticiple' [ in green below ]

OsmanlI SarayIna,
ho s geldiniz, Bayan Borgia. Duydu g umuz AvrupalI barbarlardan biri olmadI g InIzI bilmek bizi зok memnun etti.
Note: ' olmadI g InIzI ' is only a Turkish participle look-a-like, and has
no adjectival qualities. Some prefer to call it a noun that functions as the direct object of ' bilmek '.
In that case it translates something like, ' [the likelihood of] your not being '.

For easier translation, though, it's useful to think of it as a verb in a noun clause. If we do that, we can translate it more simply as, you aren't.
A ' faux-pa rticiple' like this one is usually easy to spot, because you most always find it sitting directly to the left of another verb formation, as in the above case,
olmadI g InIzI bilmek; to know [that] you aren't.

Welcome to the Ottoman Court, Miss Borgia. We're glad to know [that] you aren’t one of the European barbarians who we’ve heard [about].
[Past Personal participle used as an adjective modifying, one of the European barbarians.
Observe that, in this translation, the participle takes on the 'present tense feeling' of the controlling so-called "verb" --
olmadI g InIzI; you aren't. ]

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Standard Way to Make the ' mis -Past' Participle in Turkish...

Example with the mi s -Past Participle:
Note: Despite their appearance, mi s -Past participles do not carry any of the uncertain, tentative, dubitative sense of the 'pure' mi s -Past verb. For example, with a pure mi s -Past verb, plan hazIrlanmI s means I think the plan has been prepared (but, I don't know for sure). While, with a mi s -Past participle, hazIrlanmI s plan means the plan that has been prepared (undoubtedly).

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an example conjugation
of a mis -Past verb?

A g armI ssaзlar sevgiye engel de g ildir, Methuselah.
Hair that has turned white is not a barrier to love,
Methuselah.
[ mi s -Past participle as adjective modifying, Hair ]

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The ' mis -Past' Participle is made in the following manner:

1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the ' mek ' or ' mak ' ending.

2. To the remaining verb stem,
add the suffix ' -mi s ' ['- mь s '], if the verb is from the ' mek ' family,
or...
'- mI s ' ['- mu s '], if it's from the ' mak ' family.

Keep in mind that,
for each of the two verb families,
there are two possible suffixes -- that are subject to
the Rule of Vowel Harmony...

Examples of mi s -Past Participle Construction:

Infinitive form of a Verb	Correct Participle Suffix	The Participle Usage	English
Bitmek	-mi s	Bitmi s i s...	finished work; work that has been done/finished...
Gцrьlmek	-mь s (see vowel harmony at work)	Gцrьlmь s olay...	observed event; an event that is seen/observed...
Yaz I lmak	-m I s	Yaz I lm I s mektup...	written letter; a letter that has been written...
Okunmak	-mu s (see vowel harmony at work)	Okunmu s kitap...	a read book; a book that has been read...
Bitmemek	-mi s	Bitmemi s i s...	unfinished work; work that has not been done/finished...
Gцrьlmemek	-mi s (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Gцrьlmek' above)	Gцrьlmemi s olay...	unobserved event; an event that has not been seen/observed...
Yaz I lmamak	-m I s	Yaz I lmam I s mektup...	unwritten letter; a letter that has not been written...
Okunmamak	-m I s (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Okunmak' above)	Okunmam I s kitap...	unread book; a book that has not been read...

Another mi s -Past Participle Example:

Bu ak s am Sodom ve Gomorrah bugьne kadar hiз gцrьlmemi s bazI olaylar a tanIk oldu.
This evening [citizens of] Sodom and Gomorrah
were witness to some events
that haven't been seen ever, until today.
[ mi s -Past participle used in a participle phrase modifying, events ]

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Standard Way to Make the 'Future' Participle in Turkish

Example with the Future Participle:

Lutfen Pandora, kutuya dikkat edin -- iзinde korkutacak esyalar var.
Please be careful with the box, Pandora -- there are some frightening things inside.
(... things that will frighten inside.)
[future participle as adjective modifying things ]

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The 'Future' Participle is made in the following manner:

1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the ' mek ' or ' mak ' ending.

2. To the remaining verb stem,
add the suffix ' -(y)ecek, if the verb is from the ' mek ' family,
or...
' -(y)acak, if it's from the ' mak ' family.

Keep in mind that,
for a verb stem ending in a vowel, you need to insert ' y ' before attaching the 'future' participle suffix, e.g. bulmayacak; that will not be found...

Examples of 'Future' Participle Construction:

Infinitive form of a Verb	Correct Participle Suffix	The Participle Usage	English
Bitmek	-cek	Bitecek i s...	work that will be done/finished...
Gцrьlmek	-ecek	Gцrьlecek olay...	event that will be seen/observed...
Yaz I lmak	-acak	Yaz I lacak mektup...	letter that will be written...
Bitmemek	-yecek	Bitmeyecek i s...	work that will not be done/finished...
Gцrьlmemek	-yecek	Gцrьlmeycek olay...	event that will not be seen/observed...
Yaz I lmamak	-yacak	Yaz I lmayacak mektup...	letter that will not be written...

Note: Many of the Future participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: yiyecek; food, something to eat, oyuncak; a toy, a trifling matter, an easy job, child's play, and aзacak; any tool for opening things. Such as the adjectives: gelecek; coming, next, and olacak; suitable, so-called...

Another 'Future' Participle Example --
a double-whammy one...

Bu gece bitecek bir masal anlat, S ehrazad. Bitmeyecek masallar la u g ra s Ip vakit kaybetmeyin.
Tell me a story you can finish tonite, Scheherazade. Don't struggle and waste time with stories you can't finish [tonite].
[... a story that will finish... stories that will not finish...]
['future' participles, both positive and negative, used as adjectives modifying, story / stories ].

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Standard Way to Make the 'Future Personal' Participle in Turkish...

Other writers on the Turkish language, have called this category of participle,
"an '- ecek ' adjective" (The Pollards), "an Object Participle" (Underhill),
"a Relative Participle", and "a Personal Participle" (Lewis).

We mentioned this same kind of nomenclature problem above, in the section about the 'Past Personal' Participle. And, for the same kind of reasons presented there, we've decided to call this participle "The Future Personal Participle" -- based solely on its appearance.

And happily, the ' Future Personal ' Participle does actually provide a sense of the future. (You may recall that the ' Past Personal ' Participle doesn't reliably provide a sense of the past...)

Example with the 'Future Personal' Participle:

Sfenks seni bekliyor, Oedipus. Ve bilmeceye verece g in cevap do g ruysa daha iyi olur.
The Sphinx is waiting, Oedipus. And the answer you give his riddle had better be right!!
(...it would be better if the answer that you will give...)
['future personal' participle as adjective modifying, answer ]

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translating the preceding example?

The 'Future Personal' Participle is made in the following manner:

1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the ' mek ' or ' mak ' ending.

2. To the remaining verb stem,
add the suffix '- (y)ecek ', if the verb is from the ' mek ' family,
or...
' -(y)acak ', if it's from the ' mak ' family.

3. To that resulting construction, attach an appropriate Personal Possessive Ending (PPE).
Note: Before attaching the PPE, you may need to soften the final ' k ' of that construction by substituting the Turkish ' yuma s ak-g ' character. See following examples...

Examples of 'Future Personal' Participle Construction:

Infinitive form of a Verb	Correct Participle Suffix	The Participle Usage	English
Зizmek	-ece g im	Зizece g im resim...	The picture [that] I will draw...
Sar I lmak	-aca g I n	Sar I laca g I n k I z...	The girl [who] you will hug...
Okumak	-yaca g I	Okuyaca g I kitap...	The book [that] she will read...
Beklemek	-yce g imiz	Bekleyece g imiz gьn...	The day [that] we will wait for...
Gцrmek	-ece g iniz	Gцrece g iniz atlar...	The horses [that] you will see...
Aramak	-yacaklar I	Arayacaklar I sevgili...	The lover [that] they will search for...
Зizmemek	-yece g im	Зizmemeyce g im resim...	The picture [that] I will not draw...
Sar I lmamak	-yaca g I n	Sar I lmayaca g I n k I z...	The girl [who] you will not hug...
Okumamak	-yaca g I	Okumayaca g I kitap...	The book [that] she will not read...
Beklememek	-yece g imiz	Beklemeyece g imiz misafir...	The guest [that] we will not expect...
Gцrmemek	-yece g iniz	Gцrmeyece g iniz atlar...	The horses [that] you will not see...
Gьlmemek	-yecekleri	Gьlmeyecekleri s aka...	The joke[that] they will not laugh at...

Another 'Future Personal' Participle Example:
Also includes an example of a ' faux-pa rticiple' [ in green below ]

Otur, Sir Thomas. Konu s aca g ImIz зok konular var ve giyotine gecikece g inizden korkuyorum.
Note: ' gecikece g iniz ' is only a Turkish participle look-a-like, and has
no adjectival qualities. Some prefer to call it a noun that functions
as the object of ' -dan korkuyorum '.
In that case it means something like, ' [the likelihood of] your being late in the future '.

For easier translation, though, it's useful to think of it as a verb in a noun clause. If we do that, we can tranlate it more simply as, you'll be late. A ' faux-pa rticiple' like this one is usually easy to spot, because you most always find it sitting directly to the left of another verb formation, as in the above case, gecikece g inizden korkuyorum; I'm afraid that you'll be late...

Sit down, Sir Thomas. There are many subjects to discuss and I'm afraid that you'll be late to the guillotine.
[...many subjects that we will discuss...]
Note: here the 'future personal' participle is used as an adjective modifying, subjects.
Observe that, this category of 'personal' participle does provide
a sense of the 'future'.
You may recall that the 'past personal' participle
does not reliably provide a sense of the 'past'.

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